chapter 11
TRANSCRIPT
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Today’s Issues:
Latin America
Its colonial past has left Latin America with long-term problems, including environmental crises, political instability, and poverty.
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SECTION 1 Rain Forest Resources
SECTION 2 Giving Citizens a Voice
Today’s Issues:
Latin America
Case Study The Income Gap
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Section 1
Rain Forest Resources • Special-interest groups make competing
demands on the resources of the rain forest.
• As the rain forests are destroyed, the quality of life on earth is threatened.
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Rain Forest Land Uses
Vanishing Biodiversity • Rain forest has biodiversity—wide range of plant,
animal species- 50 million acres of rain forest worldwide
destroyed annually
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1 Rain Forest Resources
Continued . . .
Clearing the Rain Forests • Mahogany, cedar harvested, exported from
Amazon • Poor native farmers clear rain forest for crops • Poor soil fertility, increased erosion lead to more
timber clearing
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continued Rain Forest Land Uses
Population Pressures • Over half of Amazon rain forest is in Brazil
- growing population: 173 million in 2000, 200million projected in 2020
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The Price of Destruction
Losing More than Just Trees • Deforestation—cutting down and clearing away
trees
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Continued . . .
Environmental Concerns • Rain forests regulate climate: absorb carbon
dioxide, produce oxygen • Fewer forests means less carbon dioxide absorbed
- it builds up in atmosphere, prevents heat fromescaping into space
- global warming—atmospheric temperaturerises, weather patterns change
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continued The Price of Destruction
Plants and Animals in Danger • Covers 6% of earth’s surface but has 50% of plant,
animal species • Researchers are trying to develop medicines from
rain forest plants
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Moving Toward Solutions
A Juggling Act • Balancing economic development with rain forest
preservation- some countries restrict economic development
• Grassroots organizations try to educate people about rain forests- protest environmentally damaging plans
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Fighting Economics with Economics • One environmental plan is the debt-for-nature
swap- group pays part of government’s large debt- government protects part of rain forest- approach works in Bolivia
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Section 2
Giving Citizens a Voice • Despite obstacles, democracy is
beginning to succeed in Latin America.
• The success of Latin American democracies depends on political, economic, and social reforms.
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A Struggle to Be Heard
The Legacy of Colonialism • Since Spanish conquest in 1500s, Native
Americans ruled by others- under Spain: governors ruled the region, acting
on behalf of monarchs • Minority of Spanish colonists still ruled after 1800s
independence • Oligarchy—non-democratic government of the few
- press censored, free speech limited, dissentpunished
- discrimination against those not in Spanish rulingclass
- elections were rigged
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Continued . . .
Giving Citizens a Voice
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continued A Struggle to Be Heard
The Legacy of Colonialism • If government couldn’t control people, military would
seize power- form a junta—harsh government run by generals
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continued A Struggle to Be Heard
The Rule of the Caudillo • Many 20th-century Latin-American countries ruled
by a caudillo- military dictator or political boss, such as
Argentina’s Juan Peron - supported by military and wealthy; sometimes
even elected
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continued A Struggle to Be Heard
The Rule of the Caudillo • Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) ruled
Mexico for 71 years- in English, the Institutional Revolutionary Party- opposition parties legalized, and elections held- fraud and corruption keep PRI in power
• Opposition parties make gains in 1997 congressional elections- Vicente Fox becomes first non-PRI president in
2000
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Establishing Stable Democracies
The Goals of Reform • Establish constitutional government, democracy
- freely elected government that respects the law- citizens participate in political affairs- citizens are well-educated and economically
secure • Economic stability needed for political stability
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The Goals of Reform • In 1983 Raul Alfonsín becomes president of
Argentina- first free election in decades, but economy was
ruined by military rule- to fight inflation (rise in prices) Alfonsín freezes
wages, prices- issues new currency to replace peso (which later
returned) • Measures work at first, but by 1989 inflation is back
- Carlos Menem elected as new president;introduced capitalist reforms
- reduces government spending; sells off stateindustries, utilities
continued Establishing Stable Democracies
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The Goals of Reform • Increase women’s role in politics, involvement in
government- Marta Suplicy elected mayor of São Paulo, Brazil,
in 2000
continued Establishing Stable Democracies
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Land Reform • Land reform—break up ruling minority’s large
landholdings- take land, economic power from wealthy elite,
give to peasant farmers • Mexican land reform begins when Benito Juarez
becomes president in 1858- wanted to redistribute land to break cycle of
poverty- further land reform follows Revolution in early 20th
century
continued Establishing Stable Democracies
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Case Study The Income Gap
BACKGROUND• Income gap—the difference between quality of
life for rich and poor • Rio de Janeiro’s mix of wealth, poverty illustrates
an income gap • Some people live in swamps, garbage dumps;
others live in luxury • The gap is widening in Latin America; solutions
have been proposed
How can the economic gulf between rich and poor be bridged?
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Case Study
The Nature of the Problem
Bridging the Gap Between Rich and Poor • Income gap—difference between quality of
life of the rich and poor - gap is widening in most Latin American
countries • Gap has many causes, including the impact
of colonialism • Three ways to understand the issue: moral,
economic, political
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Case Study
A Moral Issue • How can a caring society justify wealthy few,
poor majority? • Catholic Church, other religious faiths see
problem as moral- feel narrowing gap is matter of social justice
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continued The Nature of the Problem
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Case Study
An Economic Dilemma • Most countries have free-market economies,
minimal government rules- people have freedom, rewards they need to create wealth
• Poor lack skills to fully, equally participate in such an economy- most have little education; can’t read, can’t
find jobs- end up doing menial labor- conditions in slums bring disease, crime,
short life spans
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Continued . . .
continued The Nature of the Problem
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Case Study
A Political Problem • Poverty creates desperation
- people with nothing to lose are willing to take risks
- they protest, fight, attempt to overthrow unjust governments, societies
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Continued . . .
continued The Nature of the Problem
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Case Study
A Political Problem • Region has had many bloody rebellions put
down by militaries- Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, El
Salvador, Guatemala- during civil wars, human rights and dignity
are violated- rebels seek economic justice, militaries
protect wealthy
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continued The Nature of the Problem
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Case Study
Possible Solutions
Education, Politics, and Economics • Gap varies by country
- 45% of Brazilians live in poverty- income gap is much narrower in Ecuador,
Paraguay, Uruguay • Governments hope free-market economies
will narrow gap- create economic opportunity, stability for all
citizens
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Case Study
Education, Politics, and Economics • Democracy seen as essential for widespread
prosperity- provides outlet for protest, opposition- policies can reflect will of people
• Important to spend money on education- need literate, well-educated people for
complex economy’s new jobs
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continued Possible Solutions
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