Chapter 10 – Definitions KEY

1. formed elements Cells in blood; include: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

2. oxyhemoglobin When hemoglobin in the RBCs carried oxygen (HbO2)

3. reduced hemoglobin When hemoglobin in the RBCs carries hydrogen ions (HHb)

4. heme Part of a hemoglobin that contains iron

5. clotting Process that involved stopping blood flow (platelets do this)

6. platelets Formed element that is involved in clotting

7. fibrinogen Not On Test – involved in clotting

8. thrombin Not On Test – involved in clotting

9. fibrin Not On Test – involved in clotting

10. serum Not On Test – is the plasma without proteins

11. granulocytes Granular WBCs include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

12. agranulocytes WBCs without granules include lymphocytes, monocytes

13. antigens Used in cell identity to identify RBC blood types, bacteria and viruses

14. antibodies Formed by our immune system to fight antigens

15. inflammatory reaction Not On Test – involves basophils and eosinophils in an immune

response with histamine and vasodilation

16. mononucleosis Not On Test – a viral infection commonly called MONO

17. phagocytosis The process involved in the WBC engulfing and digesting the bacteria

and viruses

18. macrophages Same as above

19. bradykinin Not On Test – involved in inflammation

20. histamine Not On Test – involved in inflammation

21. pus Not On Test – formed from bacterial infections and consists of WBCs

and bacteria

22. agglutination Describes clotting and clumping of RBCs; occurs when different blood

types mix with the same antibody

23. Rh factor Is a protein factor in the blood and if a person has it, their blood type is

positive, without the Rh factor, their blood type is negative

24. fetal erythroblastosis When the blood of a Rh positive fetus mixes with the Rh negative

mother and the mothers antibodies against Rh attack the fetal

blood

25. blood Blood is blood?

Formed elements and plasma in a fluid that is transported throughout

the body in vessels. 26. Arterioles Smallest part of arteries just before capillaries

27. arterial duct The vessel connection between the pulmonary trunk and aorta in a fetus used to bypass the lungs

28. atria Upper chambers of the heart where venous blood enters the heart (receiving chambers)

29. atrioventricular node AV node receives signal from SA node and transmits the electrical impulse through the AV bundle branches and purkinje fibers to cause atrial contractions

30. Capillaries One-cell thick allow for nutrient, waste and gas exchange between blood and tissues; extremely high surface area and lowest velocity of blood

31. cholesterol A steroid molecule regulated by the liver and used to make other steroid hormones. Can accumulate in arteries causing hardening and clots

32. diastole The relaxation phase of the atria and/or ventricles

33. diastolic blood pressure

80 mmHg measured in the arteries when the heart (or left ventricle) is relaxed

34. heart attack When the coronary artery is blocked and due to a lack of Oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium, that part of the muscle begins to die

35. hypertension High BP, greater than 120/80 (usually higher than 135/90 is abnormal)

36. hypotension Low BP, less than 120/80 (usually lower than 110/70 is abnormal)

37. intrinsic heartbeat When the SA node initiates the heart beat; controlled by this SA node pacemaker

38. lacteal In the villi of the intestine where fats in the form of lipoproteins are absorbed

39. Lymph The fluid that is transported in lymphatic system; contains water/tissue fluid, fats, WBCs, antibodies, bacteria and viruses

40. Lymph nodes Part of the lymphatic system that increases production of antibodies and WBCs during an immune response (can swell to indicate infection process)

41. lymphocytes Agranular WBCs responsible for the antibody production during an immune response

42. nodal tissue Tissue that consists of both nervous and muscle tissue in the heart (SA and AV node)

43. oval opening Hole between the right and left atria of a fetus to help bypass the lungs

44. pacemaker node SA node that initiates the heart beat by causing atrial contraction

45. placenta Consists of maternal and fetal tissue that helps with the exchange of nutrients, wastes and gases between the mother and fetus so the fetus is provided with nutrients and oxygen but can have wastes and carbon dioxide removed

46. pulmonary circulation Blood circulation that travels through the lungs; pulm. Arteries are deoxygenated and pulm. Veins are oxygenated

47. septum Separates the right and left sides of the heart

48. sinoatrial node SA nodes known as the pacemaker sends a signal through the atria to cause atrial contraction. Controlled by the medulla oblongata

49. spleen Part of the lymphatic system and stores and cleans blood as well as destroys old RBCs

50. stroke When there is a clot in an artery of the brain causing brain tissue to die due to a lack of oxygen and nutrients

51. systemic circulation Blood flow that travels throughout the entire body except the lungs. Systemic arteries are oxygenated and veins are deoxygenated.

52. systole Contraction of the atria and/or ventricles

53. systolic blood pressure

120 mmHg is a measurement of the left ventricle contracting and the pressure generated in the arteries

54. thoracic duct A duct that collects lymph from the body and passes it to the major lymph vessel that transport it to the subclavian veins

55. thymus gland Part of the lymphatic system where WBCs and antibodies are matured

56. umbilical arteries Carry waste and carbon dioxide away from the fetus and to the placenta for exchange

57. venous duct Connection between the umbilical vein and inferior vena cava in the fetus to allow the nutrients and oxygen to enter fetal circulation and to bypass the liver

58. ventricles Lower pumping chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria but pump blood into the arteries.

59. Venules The smallest parts of the veins right after the capillaries as blood is travelling back to the heart.

Ch10 Page 2

Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks. veins

arteries nutrients

capillaries away

transport oxygen energy

dark heat

circulatory lungs

carbon dioxide bright

to

blood heart

pumped intestine

atmosphere

All animals need to __transport_ materials around to the different parts of their body. This is the job of the _circulatory__ system. The circulatory system consists of a liquid called __blood__, a pump called the __heart__ and a series of vessels called __arteries___ and __veins__.

One thing that must be transported around is a gas called _oxygen_. Oxygen enters the blood through the __lungs__. It is then __pumped__ through the heart and around the body where it is used along with food to make __energy__. The body produces another gas called __carbon dioxide_, which is a waste product. This gas is carried back to the heart and then to the lungs where it is released back into the __atmosphere__.

The vessels that transport blood _away_ from the heart are called arteries. The blood in arteries is _bright_ red because it is rich in oxygen. The vessels that transport blood _towards__ the heart are called veins. The blood in veins is __dark__ red because it is low in oxygen. _capillaries__ are small vessels that join the arteries and veins.

_nutrients__ from food are also transported around the body by the circulatory system. They enter the blood from the small __intestine__. The circulatory system also helps to regulate temperature by transporting __heat__ around the body.

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