Chapter 10Chapter 10

BloodBloodThe Body’s Drink!!The Body’s Drink!!

Anatomy and Physiology

Blood - IntroductionBlood - Introduction

Blood – a type of connective tissue that consists of cells and cell fragments surrounded by a liquid matrix.

The liquid portion is the plasma.Total blood volume for avg. adult female =

4 to 5 liters and avg. adult male = 5 to 6 LBlood makes up about 8% of total body

weight

Functions of BloodFunctions of Blood

Transports oxygen, nutrients, enzymes, and hormones

Transports CO2 and waste products away from tissue

Maintains body temperatureMaintains body fluids

Blood FactsBlood Facts

Oxygen enters blood in the lungs and CO2 enters blood from tissues.

95% of the volume of blood consist of RBC or erythrocytes

5% consists of WBC or leukocytes and cell fragments called platelets or thrombocytes

Blood GroupingBlood Grouping

Blood groups are determined by antigens on the surface of RBC.

Antigens are moleculesAntibodies will bind to the antigens

resulting in agglutination or hemolysis or RBC.

Agglutination – clumping of RBCHemolysis – rupture of RBC

ABO Blood GroupABO Blood Group

Blood is categorized by the ABO Blood group system

ABO antigens appear on the surface of RBC

Blood TypesBlood Types

Type A Blood – A antigenType B Blood – B antigenType AB Blood – A and B antigenType O Blood – does not have A or B

Population DistributionPopulation Distribution

Type A – 41%Type B – 10%Type AB – 4%Type O – 45%

Rh+ - 85%Rh- - 15%

Blood TypesBlood Types

Type A Blood – B antibodies Type B Blood – A antibodies Type AB Blood – does not have A

or B Type O Blood – has A and B

Mismatching Blood groups can result in transfusion reaction.

Determine blood type video

Blood Typing VideoBlood Typing Video

Rh Blood GroupRh Blood Group

Another blood group that was first studied in the Rhesus monkey.

Rh+ - Rh antigens on RBC Rh- - Rh antigens are not present Can cause a problem in pregnancy if mother is

Rh- and baby is Rh+ Mother will make antibodies against the baby Prevention – mother gets shot of Rho immune

globulin

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

Disc shaped Live ~ 120 days in

males and 110 days in females

Transport oxygen and remove CO2

Contain hemoglobin – pigment – red color

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is bright red in color

Hemoglobin that is without oxygen is darker red

~2/3 of body’s iron is found in hemoglobin

No nucleus

History of RBCHistory of RBC

~2.5 million RBC are destroyed every second

New RBC are produced as quickly as they are destroyed

Hematopoiesis – process of blood cell production

Low blood oxygen level will cause RBC production

Blood cells are formed in red marrow in bones

Jaundice – a build up of bilirubin in circulation causing a yellow skin color

Types of Bone MarrowTypes of Bone Marrow

Red Marrow – found in spongy bone and forms WBC, RBC, and platelets

Yellow Marrow – composed of fat and is not capable of blood cell formation

After age 20, blood formation occurs in humerus, femur, cranium, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae

LeukocytesLeukocytes

White blood cells Spherical shape Whitish color because

they lack hemoglobin Large than RBC Have a nucleus Protects against

microorganisms If person’s WBC count is

high - infection

2 Major Types of Leukocytes2 Major Types of Leukocytes

Granulocytes – contain large cytoplasmic granules

Agranulocytes – contain small granules

3 Kinds of Granulocytes3 Kinds of Granulocytes

Neutrophils – most common type

Remains is blood ~

10 – 12 hours Dead cell debris forms

pus at site of infection Eosinophils – release

chemicals that reduce inflammation

Basophils – help regulate inflammatory response

Release histamine = promotes inflammation

Release heparin – prevents clots

2 Types of Agranulocytes2 Types of Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes – smallest

Plays important role in body’s immune system

Produces antibodies

Monocytes – largest After they leave the

blood and into the tissue – they become macrophages

Macrophages – destroy bacteria, dead cells, and other debris

PlateletsPlatelets

Thrombocytes – minute fragments of cells

Produced in red marrow

Prevent blood loss by causing blood clotting

Preventing Blood LossPreventing Blood Loss

Blood vessels constrict in response to injury, resulting in decreased blood flow.

A platelet plug is produced to seal off the wound

Serotonin is released to cause the blood vessels to constrict.

Blood clot – thrombus Embolus – detached clot A heart attack can occur

from blockage of blood vessels that supply blood to heart

Streptokinase and aspirin can be given to break down the clot

TransfusionsTransfusions

Transfusion – transfer of bloodDonor – person who gives bloodRecipient – person who receives bloodUniversal Donor – Type O BloodUniversal Recipient – Type AB Blood

Complete Blood CountComplete Blood Count

CBC – complete blood countAnalysis of RBC, hemoglobin, and WBCRBC – male – 4.6 to 6.2 million/mm3Female – 4.2 to 5.4 million/mm3WBC – 5000 – 9000/mm3

Hemoglobin MeasurementHemoglobin Measurement

Determined amount of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood

Male – 14 to 18 grams/100mLFemale – 12 to 16 grams/100mLLow hemoglobin – anemia – low RBC