CHAPTER 1The Atlantic World (c. 700 B.C. – A.D. 1600)

Chapter 1 Section 1

The Native American World

I. Describe how humans settled the Americas and adapted to a variety of environments in North America.

A. Settlement of the Americas1) People came from Asia across a “land bridge”

2) Population spread out across the Western Hemisphere

a) North to Arctic Circleb) South to the tip of South America

3) Native Americansa) Settled in different regionsb) Distinct languages

I. Describe how humans settled the Americas and adapted to a variety of environments in North America.

B. North American Life1) Compare Native American Societiesa) distinct cultures arose from differences in local

climate and terrainb) adapted their ways to fit their environment2) North – Ice3) Northwest - Heavy rainfall – Fishing4) California – Pacific Coast – Mountains and Valleys5) Plateau – Rivers6) The Great Basin – Mostly dry land7) The Southwest – Dry and Drought8) The Plains – Hunting and Farming9) The Northeast – Woodlands and Lakes10) The Southeast – Hunting and Farming, Swamps and

Atlantic Coast, Rivers and Woodlands

II. Compare the shared beliefs of Native Americans.

A. Social Structure1) Kinship – family relationships

a) provided medical care, child care, education2) Clan – groups of families who are all descended from

a common ancestorB. Religion

1) Belief that the most powerful forces are spiritual2) Believed that failure to follow traditional rituals would

result in misfortune and disasterC. Preserving Culture

1) Oral History – stories and traditions passed from one

generation to the next by word of mouth.

III. Explain the role of trade and land in Native American economies.

A. Trade1) Barter – Act of trading goods for other goods

2) Trade promoted social and economic ties

B. Land1) Believed land could not be sold, traded, or owned

2) Right to use and respect land

Chapter 1 Section 2

The European World

I. Summarize life in Europe during the Early Middle Ages.

A. Early Middle Ages1) Middle Ages - medieval period, c. 500 to 1300 A.D.2) After the Roman Empire collapsed

B. European Invasions1) Germanic tribes and Viking warriors2) Out of Arabia came the Muslim Empire

a) Islam – religion based on the Koranb) Prophet Muhammad

I. Summarize life in Europe during the Early Middle Ages.

C. Feudalism1) Political and economic system that

characterized the Middle Ages

2) Lord - powerful noble - owned large

landholdings3) Serfs – peasants – provided life

time servitude in exchange for shelter and

protection4) Manor – the large estate of a Lord

I. Summarize life in Europe during the Early Middle Ages.

D. Medieval Religion1) Roman Catholic Church governed

Christian life

2) Pope – leader of the church

3) Clergy – church officials

4) Pope and clergy were educated and could read

and study the Bible

II. Describe the changes that began in the Late Middle Ages.

A. Late Middle Ages1) c. 1000 A.D.2) Period of increased trade and growth of cities

B. The Crusades1) Holy wars fought to free Jerusalem from the Turks2) Impact was increased Europeans’ awareness of the world and accelerated economic change

II. Describe the changes that began in the Late Middle Ages.

C. Growth of Cities – Major Effects1) Middle Class – created group of merchants, traders, and

artisans2) Revived a money economy3) Eventual break down of the feudal system

D. Rise of Monarchs1) Monarch – person who rules over a kingdom2) Protected trade routes and kept peace3) Magna Carta

a) granted liberty and justiceb) took power away from monarchs and

gave power to the people

II. Describe the changes that began in the Late Middle Ages.

E. Rise of Universities1) New sources of knowledge2) Science and Math3) Latin was translated into many languages

F. “Black Death”1) Rapid and ugly death to 1/3 of the entire European

population2) Caused starvation, riots, and economic collapse

III. Analyze the changes brought about by the Renaissance.

A. Renaissance – “Rebirth”1) Era of great creativity and change – quest for knowledge2) Art, literature, science, philosophy, economics, politics3) Michelangelo, da Vinci, Shakespeare4) Milan, Venice, Florence5) sculptors, poets, architects6) Humanism – heroic, emotion, realistic, physical7) Printing Press – Johann Gutenberg – communication and

new ideas on paper8) Biggest Change – new spirit of questioning

III. Analyze the changes brought about by the Renaissance.

B. Reformation1) Movement led by Martin Luther to reform the Church2) The Bible, not the Church, was the authority3) Follower referred to as Protestants

Chapter 1 Section 3

The World of the West Africans

I. Describe the initial meetings between West Africans and Europeans.

A. Relationship based on trade1) Mutually beneficial trade2) Salt for GOLD

B. West African Cultures1) Geography and livelihoods

a) rainforest, resource-rich, minesb) savanna – region of grasslands and

scattered treesc) desert – used caravans of camels

2) Familya) kinship groupsb) lineage – descent in a line from a

common ancestor3) Religion

a) customs and ceremonies

II. Describe how a trading relationship developed between Europe and the kingdoms of West Africa.

A. Benin Kingdom1) A wealthy kingdom famous for its art2) Palm oil, ivory, and wood

B. Songhai Kingdom1) Empire located in the grasslands south of the Sahara2) Askia Muhammad – famous monarch ruler

a) created a government with laws and taxes3) Timbuktu – capital center of learning

III. Summarize how African slavery differed from the way Europeans began to practice slavery.

A. Europe1) Land was scarce – in short supply – and very valuable2) Land made you wealthy

B. Africa1) Land was plentiful2) Land did not make you wealthy3) Power was gained by the number of people you ruled4) Growing kingdoms needed workers – shortage of labor –

and slaves were labor5) Africans’ concept of slavery differed from slavery as it

developed in the Americas

Chapter 1 Section 4

The Atlantic World is Born

I. Identify Columbus and describe the circumstances that led to his explorations.

A. Christopher Columbus1) Italian navigator whose voyage to America began a permanent exchange among Native Americans, Europeans, Asians and Africans

II. Describe the challenges the expedition faced.

A. Search for a western route to the Indies (Asia)

1) Sent by Spanish Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand2) Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria – 14923) Sailed to the Bahamas – called natives “Indians”4) Total of four trips to the Americas5) Died never knowing how much he changed history6) 1507 – Amerigo Vespucci

III. Describe the positive and negative impact of Columbus’s journeys.

A. Columbian Exchange1) Trade brought into existence between the Americas and

Europe, Africa, and Asia

B. Native Americans devastated1) Diseases causing death2) Smallpox, typhus, measles

III. Describe the positive and negative impact of Columbus’s journeys.

C. Europeans Gain Wealth1) Treaty of Tordesillas

a) benefited Spain and Portugal2) Europeans wanted to:

a) obtain landb) obtain natural resourcesc) convert natives to Christianity

3) Natural Resourcesa) Europeans planned to make finished

productsb) Gold and Potatoes were two beneficial

resources

III. Describe the positive and negative impact of Columbus’s journeys.

D. Africans Enslaved1) Europeans seized West Africans as slaves to work on

plantations in the Americasa) plantation – large farm that produced

crops to sellb) cash crops – sugar, pineapple, tobacco

2) Slavery’s affect on West Africaa) slavery destroyed some societies

including the Benin Kingdom