chapter 1 section ii fundamentals of information systems what is a system as it relates to...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 1 Section IIFundamentals of Information
Systems• What is a system as it relates to Information
Systems?
• A system is defined as a group of interrelated components working together to achieve a goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process
System Basics
• Systems (sometimes called dynamic systems) have THREE basic components
• 1. Inputs- Involves capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed
• 2. Processing- Transformation from input to output
Cont.
• 3. Output- Delivery of inputs that have been transformed into useable information to the desired user or destination
Feedback and Control
• Cybernetic system- A system that is self-monitoring and self-regulating
• Feedback- Information or data about the performance of the system
• Control- Monitoring and evaluation of feedback data and the ability to make adjustments if the system is not performing as designed
Additional System Characteristics
• Subsystem: A part of an entire system
• System Boundary: Separation point between systems
• Interface: Common access point for many systems
• Open System: A system that operates with other systems in its environment
Information System Components
• People
• Hardware
• Software
• Network
• Data
• These are the five elements that must be present in all information systems
People
• Two types
• End users- People who use information systems to complete work or tasks
• Information Systems specialists- People who design and develop information systems
Hardware
• Defined as the physical resources used in an information system
• Machines- Physical devices such as computers, monitors, modems, keyboards
• Media- Hard copies of data (diskettes, Compact Discs, magnetic tape, paper)
Software
• Programs- An organized set of instructions that tell the computer to perform tasks
• Procedures- Instruction sets for users to complete tasks
• Examples:– Operating Systems (control file access)– Applications software (Microsoft Word)
Network Resources
• Telecommunications networks (connection between two or more hardware resources)
• Two types of network resources– Communications media (wire, cable, infrared,
radio frequency, fiber optic)– Network support (include all elements of
information system and special software for networking)
Data Resources
• Typically two types of data resources– Databases- organized collection of data– Knowledge bases- collection of information
about data, procedures, business rules
Data Vs. Information
• Data is a raw fact or observation about something
• Information is processed data that is meaningful and useful for users.
Flow of an Information System
• Input of data resource
• Processing of data into information
• Output of information
• Data storage
• Evaluation and control of system performance
Basic form ofInformation Systems
• Two main classifications– Operations Support Systems- Used to process
information used in general business (functional, operational, etc)
– Management Support Systems- Focus on the information needs of managers to plan, organize, direct, and control a business
Operation Support Systems
• Transaction Processing Systems - process data generated daily, etc., according to the business
• Batch Processing - Data processed after a specified amount of time has passed
• Realtime or Online Processing - Immediate processing of data
OSS cont.
• Process Control Systems - Systems that automate and monitor a process (oil refinery, energy management)
• Enterprise collaboration - Work getting completed because of enabling systems
Management SupportSystems
• Provide information for managerial decision making– Strategic - Top level management– Tactical - Middle level management– Operating - Supervisory or front line
management
MIS concept
• Vital for effective and efficient information systems– Management orientation - support of
managerial decision making– Systems framework - Should be used for
organizing information systems. Applications should be interrelated and integrated