Chapter 1

Section 1:The Earliest Americans

I can understand how early civilizations developed in the

Americas.

________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________

Page 6-9 Bullet Points Page 29

Most scientists believe that early people came to the Americas from Asia by way of a land bridge.

As people learned to farm, they formed permanent settlements,

The Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas built civilizations in Central America and South America.

I can understand how early civilizations developed in the Americas.

The First Americans

• Many ideas (theories) about how people came to the Americas

Land-Bridge Theory

• Glaciers(thick sheets of ice) cover world• Bridge of land connected Siberia to Alaska• 20-30 thousand years ago hunters go over

bridge called the Bering Strait to follow their prey

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=pringle-first-americans-trail-interactive

Other Theories

• Coastal-route theory: people traveled by boat down the Pacific coast

• Native Americans dispute both theories– Each tribe has their own theory

Learning to Farm

• Hunting was key to survival• Animals disappear• Had to change the way they lived• Became gatherers• Nomadic- don’t live in one place

• Don’t search for water• Irrigation (method to water crops by

channeling water from rivers or streams)• Raise animals• Produce surplus (extra)• Cities develop

Three Civilizations

• Civilization (an advanced culture in which people have developed cities, science and industries)

• Mayas • Aztecs• Incas

Mayas

• Mexico and Central America• Large cities• Developed the arts, a government and a

written language• Mayan Calendar• Decline is a mystery

Aztecs

• Mexico City area• Tenochtitlan-capital city• Religion important• Practiced human sacrifice• Their army takes over more than ½ of Mexico• Harsh rulers

Incas

• Largest empire not in Europe or Asia• South America• Cuzco-capital city• Road system• Builders, weavers and metalworkers

Section 2:Cultures of North America

I can understand how geography influenced the

cultures in North America.

________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________

Bullet Points Page 29

Page 10-15 I can understand how geography influenced the development of cultures in North America.

The mound builders were among the earliest cultures in North America

People of North America developed varied ways of life, depending upon the environment in which they lived

The league of the Iroquois created a pact between warring nations in the Eastern Woodlands

First Cultures of North America

• Culture (ways of life)• Mississippians built first cities in North

America; mound builders• Anasazi built cliff dwellings• Hohokam, highly skilled farmers

Ways of Life

• Culture areas (regions in which groups of people have a similar way of life)

Meeting Basic Needs

• Women=gatherers• Men=hunters• All were farmers• Farming areas had larger populations• Trade among tribes was common• Seashells and beads=money

Shared Beliefs

• Spirits in nature and a part of their everyday lives

• Storytellers-passed on history to others

Native Americans of North America

Far North• Harsh land• Hunted from kayaks

(small boats made from skins)

• Didn’t farm- too cold

Northwest• Permanent settlements• Lots of food• Didn’t farm• Potlatch (ceremony at

which the hosts showered their guests with gifts)

Far West• Changing weather• Lots of food• Different types of

housing– Pit houses– Cone shaped houses

Southwest• Dry weather(most of

the year)• Little farming• Apartment houses

made of adobe (sun-dried brick)

Great Plains• Big farmers in some

areas• Lived in earth lodges,

tepees• Hunting parties to

follow the bison

Eastern Woodlands• Forests• Hunters, fishers, and

gatherers• Algonquin• Iroquois• Clans (groups of families

that were related to one another)

• Sachem (tribal chief)

Southeast• Weather=mild• Farmers• Cherokees • Creeks

Section 3Trade Networks of Asia and Africa

I can understand how trade linked Europe,

Africa, and Asia

Bullet Points Page 29

________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________

Page 16-19 I can understand how trade linked Europe, Africa, and Asia.

The Muslim world linked Asia to Africa and Europe through trade

Various trading states emerged in both East Africa and West Africa

China dominated East Asian trade along the Silk Road

The Muslim Link to Trade

• Started trade routes• Linked Europe, Africa and Asia

Rise of Islam

• Trade helped religion grow and spread• Muhammad (prophet and founder of Islam)• Taught one true God• Quran- sacred book of Islam

Advances in Learning

• Contributions to math, medicine and astronomy

• Developed algebra• Developed technology

East African Trade Centers

• Zimbabwe connected east coast trading with the center of Africa– Taxed traders

• Kilwa (trading center) in East Africa

West African Trade Centers

• Ghana (trading center) in West Africa• Traded a lot of gold and salt• $$$• Mali-new empire, becomes center of learning

The East Asian Link in Trade

• China unified• Linked by highways, canals and postal system• Trade centers grew into cities in China

World Traders

• Chinese had higher level of technology• Invented printing with movable type• Navigators- Navigation (the science of locating

the position and plotting the course of ships)• Invented the magnetic compass

Spice Trade and the Silk Road

• Silk Road= great trade route of the ancient times

• Series of roads• Brought trade in from the Middle East and

Europe

Section 4The European Heritage

I can understand the major influences that

shaped European civilization.

________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________ _______________________

Bullet Points Page 29

Page 22-27 I can understand the major influences that shaped European civilization.

Judaism and Christianity formed the foundation for religious beliefs.

Greece and Rome shaped ideas about democratic government

After the Middle Ages, Europeans began to look beyond their boundaries

Judaism

• Monotheistic (believes in only one God)• Started by the Israelites • Everyone must obey God’s laws, no matter

what or who you are

Christianity

• Jesus (Jewish teacher, seen as a savior chosen by God)

• Christianity is the belief that Jesus was sent by God to save the world

• Beliefs: love, mercy, forgiveness, and salvation (everlasting life)

• Threat to the Romans at first

Athenian Democracy

• Athens= direct democracy (form of government in which an assembly of ordinary citizens makes decisions

• Adult males could participate• Depended on well educated citizens

Roman Government and Law

• Republic (form of government in which people choose representatives to govern them)

• Elected a senate and assembly to make laws• Laws said that everyone was equal under the

law– Innocent until proven guilty

The Middle Ages

• Feudalism (system in which a ruler grants parts of his land to lords)– Lords then give military service and $$ to ruler if

needed• Catholic Church popular and center of learning

The Crusades

• Holy wars• Catholic pope wanted the Holy Land back• 9 crusades• Failed

The Renaissance

• Rebirth of learning• Science and invention grew• Gutenberg invented the printing press• Trade routes switch to the Atlantic Ocean

The Reformation

• Martin Luther (German monk who wanted to reform the Catholic Church)

• Started a movement away from the Catholic Church

• Protestant churches emerge

An Age of Exploration Begins

• Henry the Navigator (led the new era of exploration)– Wanted to spread Christianity and Portuguese

power• Center of exploration at Sagres• Vasco da Gama (Portuguese sailor)– Made a trade route around the tip of Africa