chapter 1 organization of the human body

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body


Organization of the Human Body Anatomy and physiology definedLevels of organization and body systemsLife processesHomeostasisBody cavities


Anatomy and Physiology Defined __________

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

__________ Study of how the body and its parts work or

function

Anatomy and Physiology Defined Anatomy

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts work or function



Levels of Organization and Body Systems


Chemical Level


Cellular Level


Tissue Level


Organ Level


System Level


Organismal Level


Animation:

You must be connected to the internet to run this animation.

• Homeostatic Relationships

http://www.wiley.com/college/tortora/0470084715/animations/anim_homeo_relat/screen0.swf


Life Processes All living organisms have certain characteristics that set them apart from

nonliving things The following are six important life processes of humans

________ - sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body ________ - the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal (inside the body) or external

(outside the body) environment ________ - includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles

inside cells _______ - increase in body size _______ - the process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells _______ - refers to either (1) the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or (2) the

production of a new individual


Life Processes All living organisms have certain characteristics that set them apart from

nonliving things The following are six important life processes of humans

Metabolism - sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body Responsiveness - the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal (inside the body) or

external (outside the body) environment Movement - includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles

inside cells Growth - increase in body size Differentiation - the process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells Reproduction - refers to either (1) the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or (2) the

production of a new individual


Life Processes – Survival Needs Water

60–80% of body weight Allows metabolic reaction

Maintenance of stable body temperature Maintenance of appropriate atmospheric

pressure


Homeostasis – Maintaining Limits Homeostasis ensures that the body’s internal

environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body

Homeostasis is a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis is necessary for normal body function and

life Homeostatic imbalance = disease


Animation:


• Communication, Regulation and Homeostasis

http://www.wiley.com/college/tortora/0470084715/animations/anim_comm_reg_hom/screen0.swf


Parts of a FeedbackSystem


Negative Feedback System


Animation:


• Negative Feedback Control of Blood Pressure

http://www.wiley.com/college/tortora/0470084715/animations/anim_neg_feed_bp/screen0.swf


Animation:


• Positive Feedback Control of Labor

http://www.wiley.com/college/tortora/0470084715/animations/anim_pos_feed_labor/screen0.swf


Anatomical Terms – The Language of Anatomy Anatomical terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding Exact terms are used for

Locations Direction Regions Structures


Anatomical Terms – Directional Terms


Anatomical Terms – Body Planes and Sections ____ section – divides body (or organ) into left and right portions Median, or ____, section – divides body (or organ) into equal left and

right portions ____ section - divides body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts

“cuts off your face” _____, or cross, section – divides body (or organ) into superior and

inferior parts “cuts off your legs”


Anatomical Terms – Body Planes and Sections Sagittal section – divides body (or organ) into left and right portions Median, or midsagittal, section - divides body (or organ) into equal left

and right portions Frontal section – divides body (or organ) into anterior and posterior

parts “cuts off your face”

Transverse, or cross, section – divides body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

“cuts off your legs”


Body Cavities


The Thoracic Cavity The dashed lines indicate the borders of the mediastinum. The mediastinum is the anatomical region medial to the lungs

that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.


Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity


Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

End of Chapter 1Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publishers assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.


chapter 1 organization of the human body

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