Chapter 1Introduction to

Chemistry

Milbank High School

Section 1.1Chemistry

• OBJECTIVES:– Define chemistry and

differentiate among its traditional divisions.

Section 1.1Chemistry

• OBJECTIVES:– List several reasons to study

chemistry.

What is Chemistry?• The study of “matter”, its

composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes. Everyday life?

• Applied Chemistry- is using chemistry to attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing

• Pure chemistry- gathers knowledge for the sake of knowledge

5 Major Areas of Chemistry

• Analytical Chemistry- concerned with the composition of substances.

• Inorganic Chemistry- primarily deals with substances without carbon

• Organic Chemistry- essentially all substances containing carbon

• Biochemistry- Chemistry of living things• Physical Chemistry- describes the

behavior of chemicals (ex. stretching)

Chemistry is

• central to modern science, and to almost all human endeavors.

• important to all sciences - biology, geology, physics, engineers, etc.

• a natural science.• a language with its own

vocabulary.• a way of thinking.

Why Study Chemistry?

• everyone and everything around us involves chemistry

• What in the world isn’t Chemistry?• helps you make choices• possible career for your future• used to attain a specific goal• Do you remember “pure” and

“applied” chemistry?

Section 1.2Chemistry Far and Wide

• OBJECTIVES:– Summarize ways in which

chemistry affects your daily life.

Section 1.2Chemistry Far and Wide

• OBJECTIVES:– Describe the impact of

chemistry on various fields of science.

Chemistry Far and Wide

• Materials- perfume, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber, paints, nonstick cooking utensils, polyester fibers

• Energy- greater demands– conserve it, or produce more

– fossil fuels, solar, batteries, nuclear (don’t forget pollution!)

Chemistry Far and Wide

• Medicine and Biotechnology-– vitamin C, penicillin, aspirin

– materials for artery transplants and hipbones

– Human Genome Project

– bacteria producing insulin

– cloning

Chemistry Far and Wide

• Agriculture- world’s food supply– plant growth hormones– ways to protect crops– disease resistant plants

• The Environment- both risks and benefits involved in discoveries– carbon dioxide, ozone, warming

Chemistry Far and Wide

• Astronomy and Space Exploration-– composition of the planets

– analyze moon rocks

– planet atmospheres

– life on other planets?

Section 1.3Thinking Like a Scientist

• OBJECTIVES:– Describe the steps involved in

the scientific method.

Section 1.3Thinking Like a Scientist

• OBJECTIVES:– Distinguish between a theory

and a scientific law.

The Scientific Method

• A logical approach to solving problems or answering questions.

• Starts with observation- noting and recording facts

• hypothesis- an educated guess as to the cause of the problem, or a proposed explanation

Scientific Method

• “controlled” experiment- designed to test the hypothesis

• only two possible answers– hypothesis is right– hypothesis is wrong

• Generates data observations from experiments.

• Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

• Cycle repeats many times.

• The hypothesis gets more and more certain.

• Becomes a theory– A thoroughly tested

model that explains why things behave a certain way.

• Theory can never be proven- due to new information

• Useful because they predict behavior

• Help us form mental pictures of processes (models)

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

• Another outcome is that certain behavior is repeated many times

• Scientific Law is developed (math?)

• Describes how things behave

• Law- tells how

• Theory- tells why

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Law

Theory(Model)

Prediction

Experiment

Modify

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Section 1.4How to Study Chemistry

• OBJECTIVES:– Explain why learning chemistry

requires daily effort.

Section 1.4How to Study Chemistry

• OBJECTIVES:– Describe the importance of

writing in the study of chemistry.

How to Study Chemistry

• Understanding and Applying Concepts– requires effort on your part– read materials carefully– take thorough notes you can use– study often and effectively– quiet, well-lit, remove distractions

How to Study Chemistry

• Understanding and Applying Concepts– chemistry has a language of it’s

own, so learn the vocabulary

– look around you, and make the connection to the level of atoms and molecules

How to Study Chemistry

• Using Your Textbook– name chemical compounds

– write chemical formulas

– interpret graphs

– techniques to solve problems

• Use your Teacher and Textbook!

How to Study Chemistry

• Using Your Textbook– take good notes

– solve Practice Problems

– read, keeping objectives in mind

– Student Study Guide (p. 24)

– section summaries; Key Terms

How to Study Chemistry

• On Your Own– go beyond the textbook

– make flashcards

– reread and rewrite notes

– quiz yourself and classmates

– form a study group

– ASK, ASK, and ASK

How to Study Chemistry

• Tests and Quizzes– cramming never a good idea

– set aside a certain amount of time every day

– get enough rest daily; nutrition

– read tests carefully / thoroughly

– do easy problems first

– show work, and evaluate answer