chapter 1 id2e slides

7/31/2019 Chapter 1 ID2e Slides

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Chapter 1:What is interaction design?


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Moores LawTransistors

Speed

Size

Cost

1950 1990 2030

( These slides are variations of those presented by Bill Buxton )

Computer Abilities


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Psychology

Human Abilities

1950 1990 20300 A.D.

Computers


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Human Computer Interaction A discipline concerned with the

design,implementation, andevaluation

of interactive computing systems for human use

design

implementationevaluation


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Articulate:who users aretheir key tasks

User and taskdescriptions

Goals:

Methods:

Products:

Brainstorm designs

Task centered systemdesign

Participatory design

User-centered design Evaluate

Psychology of everydaythings

User involvement

Representation &metaphors

low fidelity

prototypingmethods

Throw-away paperprototypes

Participatoryinteraction

Task scenario walk-through

Refined designs

Graphical screendesign

Interface guidelines

Styleguides

high fidelity

prototyping methods

Testable prototypes

Usability testing

Heuristicevaluation

Completed designs

Alpha/beta systems orcomplete specification

Field testing

Interface Design and Usability Engineering


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Why an interface design

process? 63% of large software projects go over cost

managers gave four usability-related reasons

users requested changes

overlooked tasks

users did not understand their own requirements

insufficient user-developer communicationand understanding

Usability engineering is software engineering

pay a little now, or pay a lot later!

far too easy to jump into detailed design that is:

founded on incorrect requirements

has inappropriate dialogue flow

is not easily used

is never tested until it is too late


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Foundations for designinginterfaces

Overview

Introduction to the course and to HCI

Understanding users and their tasks

Task-centered system design

the task-centered process

developing task examples

task scenarios and walkthroughs

Designing with the user

User centered design and prototyping

user centered system design

low fidelity prototyping methods

Evaluating interfaces with users: Qualitative methods

observe people using systems via various methods

detect inappropriate design and correct by iterative design


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Foundations for designing

interfaces Designing visual interfaces

Beyond screen design

representations and metaphors

Graphical screen design

the placement of interface components on a screen

Psychopathology/psychology of everyday things

what makes visual design work?

Principles for design

Design principles, guidelines, and usability heuristics

general design guidelines

using guidelines as heuristics to discover usability problems

This is a

great

design!


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Relationship between ID, HCI

and other fields

Interdisciplinary fields that do

interaction design: HCI Human Factors

Cognitive Engineering

Cognitive Ergonomics Computer Supported Co-operative Work

Information Systems


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Working in multidisciplinary

teams Many people from different

backgrounds involved

Different perspectivesand ways of seeingand talking about things

Benefits more ideas and designs

generated

Disadvantages difficult to communicate and

progress forward the designs being created


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Interaction design in business Increasing number of ID consultancies, examples of well known ones

include:

Nielsen Norman Group: help companies enter the age of theconsumer, designing human-centered products and services

Cooper:From research and product to goal-related design

Swim:provides a wide range of design services, in each casetargeted to address the product development needs at hand

IDEO: creates products, services and environments forcompanies pioneering new ways to provide value to theircustomers


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What do professionals do in theID business?

interaction designers - people involved in the design of allthe interactive aspects of a product

usability engineers - people who focus on evaluatingproducts, using usability methods and principles

web designers - people who develop and create the visualdesign of websites, such as layouts

information architects - people who come up with ideas ofhow to plan and structure interactive products

user experience designers (UX) - people who do all theabove but who may also carry out field studies to inform thedesign of products


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The User Experience

How a product behaves and is used bypeople in the real world

the way people feel about it and their pleasure andsatisfaction when using it, looking at it, holding it,and opening or closing it

every product that is used by someone has a userexperience: newspapers, ketchup bottles, recliningarmchairs, cardigan sweaters. (Garrett, 2003)

Cannot design a user experience, onlydesign fora user experience


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Why was the iPod user

experience such a success?iPod

Which iPod are You?


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What is involved in the process

of interaction design

Identifying needs and establishing requirementsfor the user experience

Developing alternative designs to meet these

Building interactive prototypes that can becommunicated and assessed

Evaluating what is being built throughout theprocess and the user experience it offers


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Core characteristics of

interaction design Users should be involved through the

development of the project

Specific usability and user experience goalsneed to be identified, clearly documented andagreed at the beginning of the project

Iteration is needed through the core activities


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Why go to this length?

Help designers: understand how to design interactive

products that fit with what people want,

need and may desire appreciate that one size does not fit all

e.g., teenagers are very different from grown-ups

identify any incorrect assumptions they may

have about particular user groupse.g., not all old people want or need big fonts

be aware of both peoples sensitivities andtheir capabilities


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Are cultural differences

important? 5/21/1960 versus 21/5/1960?

Which should be used for international

services and online forms?

Why is it that certain products, like theiPod, are universally accepted by people

from all parts of the world whereaswebsites are reacted to differently bypeople from different cultures?


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Designed to bedifferent for UK and UScustomers

What are the differencesand which is which?

What should Annasappearance be like

for other countries,like India, South Africa,or China?

Anna, IKEA online sales agent


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Usability goals

Effective to use

Efficient to use

Safe to use

Have good utility

Easy to learn Easy to remember how to use


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Activity on usability

How long should it take and howlong does it actually take to:

Using a DVD to play a movie?Use a DVD to pre-record two

programs?

Using a web browser tool to create a

website?


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User experience goals

satisfying aesthetically pleasing

enjoyable supportive of creativity

engaging supportive of creativity

pleasurable rewarding

exciting fun entertaining provocative

helpful surprising

motivating enhancing sociability

emotionally fulfilling challenging

boring annoying

frustrating cutesy


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Usability and user experience

goals Selecting terms to convey a persons feelings,

emotions, etc., can help designers understandthe multifaceted nature of the user experience

How do usability goals differ from userexperience goals?

Are there trade-offs between the two kinds of

goals? e.g. can a product be both fun and safe?

How easy is it to measure usability versususer experience goals?


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Design principles

Generalizable abstractions for thinking aboutdifferent aspects of design

The dos and donts of interaction design

What to provide and what not to provide atthe interface

Derived from a mix of theory-basedknowledge, experience and common-sense


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Visibility This is a control panel for an elevator

How does it work?

Push a button for the floor you want?

Nothing happens. Push any otherbutton? Still nothing. What do youneed to do?

It is not visible as to what to do!From:www.baddesigns.com


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Visibilityyou need to insert your room card in the slot by the buttons toget the elevator to work!

How would you make this action more visible?

make the card reader more obvious provide an auditory message, that says what to do (which

language?)

provide a big label next to the card reader that flasheswhen someone enters

make relevant parts visible

make what has to be done obvious


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What do I do if I am wearing

black? Invisible automatic

controls can make it

more difficultto use


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Feedback

Sending information back to the user aboutwhat has been done

Includes sound, highlighting, animation and

combinations of these

e.g. when screen button clicked on provides sound orred highlight feedback:

ccclichhk


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Constraints

Restricting the possible actions that can beperformed

Helps prevent user from selecting incorrect

options Physical objects can be designed to constrain

things e.g. only one way you can insert a key into a lock


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Logical or ambiguous design?

Where do you plug themouse?

Where do you plug the

keyboard?

top or bottom connector?

Do the color coded icons

help?

From: www.baddesigns.com


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How to design them more

logically(i) A provides direct

adjacent mappingbetween icon and

connector

(ii) B provides colorcoding to associatethe connectors withthe labels

From: www.baddesigns.com


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Consistency

Design interfaces to have similar operationsand use similar elements for similar tasks

For example:

always use ctrl key plus first initial of the commandfor an operation ctrl+C, ctrl+S, ctrl+O

Main benefit is consistent interfaces are easierto learn and use


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When consistency breaks

down What happens if there is more than one

command starting with the same letter? e.g. save, spelling, select, style

Have to find other initials or combinations ofkeys, thereby breaking the consistency rule e.g. ctrl+S, ctrl+Sp, ctrl+shift+L

Increases learning burden on user, makingthem more prone to errors


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Internal and external

consistency Internal consistency refers to designing

operations to behave the same within anapplication Difficult to achieve with complex interfaces

External consistency refers to designingoperations, interfaces, etc., to be thesame across applications and devices Very rarely the case, based on different

designers preference


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Keypad numbers layout

A case of external inconsistency

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

7 8 9

1 2 34 5 6

0 0

(a) phones, remote controls (b) calculators, computer keypads


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Affordances: to give a clue

Refers to an attribute of an object that allowspeople to know how to use it e.g. a mouse button invites pushing, a door handle

affords pulling Norman (1988) used the term to discuss the

design of everyday objects

Since then it has been much popularised in

interaction design to discuss how to designinterface objects e.g. scrollbars to afford moving up and down, icons

to afford clicking on


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What does affordance have to

offer interaction design? Interfaces are virtual and do not have affordances like

physical objects

Norman argues it does not make sense to talk aboutinterfaces in terms of real affordances

Instead interfaces are better conceptualized asperceived affordances

Learned conventions of arbitrary mappings between action

and effect at the interface Some mappings are better than others


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Activity

Physical affordances:

How do the following physical objectsafford? Are they obvious?


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Activity

Virtual affordances

How do the following screen objectsafford?

What if you were a novice user?

Would you know what to do with them?


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Usability principles

Similar to design principles, exceptmore prescriptive

Used mainly as the basis forevaluating systems

Provide a framework for heuristic

evaluation


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Usability principles (Nielsen 2001)

Visibility of system status

Match between system and the real world

User control and freedom

Consistency and standards

Help users recognize, diagnose and recover from errors Error prevention

Recognition rather than recall

Flexibility and efficiency of use

Aesthetic and minimalist design

Help and documentation


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Key points

Interaction design is concerned with designinginteractive products to support the way peoplecommunicate and interact in their everyday

and working lives It is concerned with how to create quality user

experiences

It requires taking into account a number ofinterdependent factors, including context of

use, type of activities, cultural differences, anduser groups

It is multidisciplinary, involving many inputsfrom wide-reaching disciplines and fields

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