chapter 1: an overview of programming instructor: mohammad mojaddam how to program in c++

CHAPTER 1 : AN OVERVIEW OF PROGRAMMING

INSTRUCTOR: MOHAMMAD MOJADDAM

How to Program in C++

Introduction2

• Without software, the computer is useless• Software (i.e., the instructions you write)

controls hardware (i.e., computers)• Software developed with programming

languages C++ is a programming language

• C++ suited for a wide variety of programming tasks

• Before programming, it is useful to understand terminology and computer components

Software3

Software: programs that do specific tasksSystem programs take control of the

computer, such as an operating systemApplication programs perform a specific task

Word processors Games

The Language of a Computer4

Digital signals: sequences of 0 and 1Machine language: language of a computerBinary digit (bit):

The digit 0 or 1 Binary code:

A sequence of 0s and 1s Byte:

A sequence of eight bits

The Language of a Computer (cont’d.)5

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

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People work with decimal digits (0–9), letters (A–Z and a–z), special symbols (e.g., $, @, %, &, *, (, ), –, +,

", :, ? and / ).

Which are known as Characters.

C++ uses the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character set (Appendix B)


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The Language of a Computer (cont'd.)8

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): 128 characters A is encoded as 1000001 (66th character at 65th

position) 3 is encoded as 0110011 ASCII is a seven-bit code.

The Language of a Computer (cont'd.)9

EBCDIC Used by IBM 256 characters

Unicode 65536 characters Two bytes are needed to store a character

The Evolution of Programming Languages10

Early computers were programmed in machine language

To calculate Total Price= Units-Price * Number in machine language:

100100 010001 //Load

100110 010010 //Multiply

100010 010011 //Store


• Assembly language instructions are mnemonic

• Assembler: translates a program written in assembly language into machine language


Using assembly language instructions, Total Price= Units-Price * Number can be written as:

LOAD Units-PriceMULT NumberSTOR Total Price

The Evolution of Programming Languages

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High-level languages(were closer to natural languages), include Basic, FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, C, C++, C#, and Java

Compiler: Translates instructions written in a high-level language into the equivalent machine language.

The equation Total Price= Units-Price • Number can be written in C++ as:

Total Price= Units-Price * Number;Recall that a computer can understand only machine

language

Processing a C++ Program14

Sample Run: My first C++ program.

#include <iostream>using namespace std;int main() { cout << "My first C++ program." << endl;

return 0;}

Processing a C++ Program (cont'd.)15

To execute a C++ program: Use an editor to create a source program (source

code) in C++(The program must be saved in a text file that has the extension .cpp)

Preprocessor directives begin with # and are processed by a the preprocessor.

Use the Compiler to: Check that the program obeys the rules (Syntax)

(that is, the program is syntactically correct) Translate into machine language (Object program)(The equivalent machine language program is called an object

program.)


To execute a C++ program (cont'd.): Linker:

The programs that you write are developed using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

The IDE contains many programs that are useful in creating your program.

This prewritten code (program) resides in a place called the library.

A program called a linker combines the object program with the programs from libraries.

Loader: Loads executable program into main memory

The last step is to execute the program


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Programs are developed using an IDE. Well-known IDEs used to create programs in the high-level language C++ include Visual C++ 2008 Express and Visual Studio .NET

(from Microsoft), C++ Builder (from Borland), and CodeWarrior (from Metrowerks).

These IDEs are quite user friendly. When you compile your program, the compiler not only identifies

the syntax errors, but also typically suggests how to correct them. Moreover, with just a simple command, the object code is linked with the resources used from the IDE.

Programming with the Problem Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle

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• Programming is a process of problem solving• One common problem-solving technique:

– Analyze the problem – Outline the problem requirements– Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem

• Algorithm: – Step-by-step problem-solving process– Solution achieved in finite amount of time

The Problem Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle

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• Step 1: Analyze the problem– Outline the problem and its requirements– Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem

• Step 2: Implement the algorithm– Implement the algorithm in programming language– Verify that the algorithm works

• Step 3: Maintenance– Use and modify the program if the problem domain

changes


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Thoroughly understand the problemUnderstand problem requirements

Does program require user interaction? Does program manipulate data? What is the output?

If problem is complex, divide it into sub-problems Analyze each sub-problem as above

If problem was broken into sub-problems Design algorithms for each sub-problem


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Check the correctness of algorithm Can test using sample data Some mathematical analysis might be required

Once the algorithm is designed and correctness verified Write the equivalent code in high-level language

Enter the program using text editor


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Run code through compiler If compiler generates errors

Look at code and remove errors Run code again through compiler

If there are no syntax errors Compiler generates equivalent machine code

Linker links machine code with system resources

Once compiled and linked, loader can place program into main memory for execution


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The final step is to execute the programCompiler guarantees that the program

follows the rules of the language Does not guarantee that the program will run

correctly !!

Example 126

Design an algorithm to find the perimeter and area of a rectangle

The perimeter and area of the rectangle are given by the following formulas:perimeter = 2 * (length + width)area = length * width

Example 1

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Algorithm: Get length of the rectangle Get width of the rectangle Find the perimeter using the following equation:

perimeter = 2 * (length + width) Find the area using the following equation:

area = length * width

Example 228

Every salesperson has a base salarySalesperson receives $10 bonus at the end of

the month for each year worked if he or she has been with the store for five or less years

The bonus is $20 for each year that he or she has worked there if over 5 years

Additional bonuses are as follows: If total sales for the month are $5,000-$10,000, he or

she receives a 3% commission on the sale If total sales for the month are at least $10,000, he or

she receives a 6% commission on the sale

Example 229

Get baseSalaryGet noOfServiceYearsCalculate bonus using the following formula:if (noOfServiceYears is less than or equal to five)

bonus = 10 * noOfServiceYears

otherwise

bonus = 20 * noOfServiceYears

Get totalSales

Example 2

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Calculate additionalBonus as follows:if (totalSale is less than 5000)additionalBonus = 0

otherwise if (totalSale is greater than or equal to 5000 and totalSale is less than 10000) additionalBonus = totalSale · (0.03)

otherwise additionalBonus = totalSale · (0.06)

Calculate payCheck using the equationpayCheck = baseSalary + bonus

+ additionalBonus

Example 3

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• 10 students in a class • Each student has taken five tests and each

test is worth 100 points• Design an algorithm to calculate the grade

for each student as well as the class average– Design an algorithm to find the average test

score– Design an algorithm to determine the grade

• Data consists of students’ names and their test scores

Example 3

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Algorithm to determine the average test score: Get the five test scores Add the five test scores

Suppose sum stands for the sum of the test scores Suppose average stands for the average test

score: average = sum / 5;

Example 3

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• Algorithm to determine the grade:

if average is greater than or equal to 90 grade = Aotherwise if average is greater than or equal to 80 and less than 90

grade = Botherwise if average is greater than or equal to 70 and less than 80

grade = Cotherwise if average is greater than or equal to 60 and less than 70 grade = Dotherwise grade = F

Example 3

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Main algorithm is as follows: TotalAverage = 0;

Repeat the following for each student: Get student’s name

Use the algorithm to find the average test score

Use the algorithm to find the grade

Update TotalAverage by adding current student’s average

score

Determine the class average as follows: classAverage = TotalAverage / 10

Programming Methodologies35

Two popular approaches to programming design Structured Object-oriented

Structured Programming36

• Structured design: • Dividing a problem into smaller sub-problems

• Structured programming:• Implementing a structured design

• The structured design approach is also called:• Top-down (or bottom-up) design• Stepwise refinement• Modular programming

Object-Oriented Programming37

Identify components called objectsSpecify relevant data and possible operations

to be performed on that dataEach object consists of data and operations

on that dataAn object combines data and operations on

the data into a single unit

Object-Oriented Programming

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A programming language that implements OOD is called an object-oriented programming (OOP) language

Because an object consists of data and operations on that data, before you can design and use objects, you need to learn:

how to represent data in computer memory,how to manipulate data, how to implement operations Write algorithms and implement them in a

programming language

Object-Oriented Programming

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Learn how to combine data and operations on the data into a single unit called an object

C++ was designed to implement OODOOD is used with structured design

ANSI/ISO Standard C++40

C++ evolved from C C++ designed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell

Laboratories in early 1980sC++ programs were not always portable

from one compiler to anotherIn mid-1998, ANSI/ISO C++ language

standards were approved

Summary

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Various kinds of languages, such as machine language, assembly, high-level

Algorithm: step-by-step problem-solving process; solution in finite amount of time!

Problem-solving process has three steps: Analyze problem and design an algorithm Implement the algorithm in code Maintain the program

Summary

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Structured design: Problem is divided into smaller subproblems Each subproblem is solved Combine solutions to all subproblems

Object-oriented design (OOD): a program is a collection of interacting objects Object: data and operations on those data

chapter 1: an overview of programming instructor: mohammad mojaddam how to program in c++

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