chapter 1 – the hebrew alphabet (alef-bet) names …chapter 1 – the hebrew alphabet (alef-bet)...
TRANSCRIPT
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-1Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)
� Names of the Letters
� Difficulties Recognizing Letters
– Final Forms
– Different Fonts
– Similar Letters
� Writing and Transliterating the Letters
� Begad Kephat Letters
� Pronouncing the Letters
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-2The Alphabet is Just the Consonants 3
� In English,
both consonants and vowels are letters of the alphabet.
– E.g., the vowel ‘A’ and the consonant ‘B’ are both
letters of the alphabet.
� In Hebrew, only consonants are considered to be letters
– The consonant Alef אאאא is a letter of the alphabet.
– The vowel Seghol is not a letter of the alphabet.
� The OT was originally written without vowels
– Vowels and accents were added in AD 500-1000
– ךךךךמלמלמלמל ���� ךךךךל ל ל ל מ� מ� מ� מ�
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-3Variations on Letter Names 4
� Different people spell letter names differently
– E.g., Alef, Aleph, ’ālep, ףףףףל ל ל ל א א א א� Different people pronounce letter names differently
– E.g., Waw vs. Vav. Yod vs. Yud.
� In Modern Hebrew, three letters are called different
names depending on whether or not they have a Dagesh
– בבבב Vet vs. בבבב Bet
– ככככ Chaf vs. ככככ Kaf
– פפפפ Fay vs. פפפפ Pay
� All reasonable variations are acceptable in my class
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-4
Alef
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-5
Bet
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-6
Gimel
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-7
Dalet
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-8
Hay
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-9
Vav
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-10
Zayin
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-11
ḤḤḤḤet
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-12
Tet
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-13
Yod
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-14
Kaf
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-15
Lamed
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-16
Mem
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-17
Nun
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-18
Samech
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-19
Ayin
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-20
Pay
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-21
Tsadee
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-22
Qof
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-23
Resh
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-24
Sin
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-25
Shin
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-26
Tav
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-27Order of Sin שששש and Shin שששש
� Acrostic poems (e.g., Psalm 119) show alphabet in order.
– Acrostics treat Sin שששש and Shin שששש as the same letter,
so they don’t tell us the order.
� Modern Hebrew tends to put Shin שששש before Sin שששש� Our textbook and lexicon have Sin שששש then Shin שששש
– So memorize this order.
� You’ll never lose points for either order.
� Mnemonic: Keep the dots together when writing the
alphabet צקרששתצקרששתצקרששתצקרששת... ... ... ... אבג אבג אבג אבג
5
ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י א פ צ ק עכ ל מ נ ס
ר ש ש ת
Song copyright © Professor John Walton of Wheaton College
Used by permission
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
Memorize the Alef-Bet Before Continuing
� Before going on to the next section,
learn the name of each letter and their order.
� Use the Alef-Bet song to practice the names in order.
– YouTube has 3 versions of the music video:
� Letters and their names
� Letters alone
� All the letters showing at the same time
– The website also has the song in downloadable
formats: mp3, mp4, and wmv.
� The website links to a place to practice the letters names.
1-29
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-30Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)
� Names of the Letters
� Difficulties Recognizing Letters
– Final Forms
– Different Scripts
– Similar Letters
� Writing and Transliterating the Letters
� Begad Kephat Letters
� Pronouncing the Letters
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-31Final Forms
Regular צצצצ פפפפ ננננ ממממ ככככ
Final ץץץץ ףףףף ןןןן םםםם ךךךך
3
� 5 letters use different letter shape at end of word
� Mnemonic: “CoMMoN FaTS”
� This shape is called the “final form” or “sofit form”
– Sofit (‘sew-feet’) means ‘last’
� Final forms have the same pronunciation and
transliteration as the non-final forms.
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-32Multiple Hebrew Scripts 6
� There are multiple letter styles for writing Hebrew
– Books are printed in a fancy style with serifs
ש ת א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ש – But letters can be written without most of the serifs
א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר � � ת
– Modern Hebrew is written in a cursive script
א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר � � ת
� Use the simplified shapes without serifs, and be legible.
� Always write Right-to-Left
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-33Look-Alike Letters
בבבב (Bet) ככככ (Kaf)
גגגג (Gimel) ננננ (Nun)
הההה (He) חחחח (ḤḤḤḤet) תתתת (Tav)
שששש (Sin) שששש (Shin)
םםםם (final Mem) סססס (Samek)
דדדד (Dalet) רררר (Resh)
צצצצ (Tsade) עעעע (Ayin)
וווו (Waw) זזזז (Zayin) יייי (Yod) ןןןן (Final Nun) ךךךך (Final Kaf)
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-34
Bet
Tail in Lower-Right
Kaf
Rounded Lower-Right
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-35
Gimel
Bottom like heel of a boot
Nun
Flat bottom
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-36
Hay
Gap in Top Left
Ḥet
No gap in Top Left
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-37
Tav
Foot on Lower Left
Ḥet
No foot on Lower Left
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-38
Sin
Dot on Upper Left
Shin
Dot on Upper Right
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-39
Final Mem
Square Bottom
Samech
Round Bottom
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-40
Dalet
Bump on Upper Right
Resh
Round Upper Right
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-41
Tsade
Bump on Lower Right
Ayin
Round Lower Right
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-42
Zayin
Tail on Upper Right
Vav
Round Upper Right
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-43
Yod
Halfway Down
Vav
Full Height
Final Nun
Below the Line
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-44
Final Kaf
Top Line is Big
Final Nun
Little or No Top Line
1
Usually a
Silent Shewa
in Final Kaf
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
Memorize the Letters Before Continuing
� Before going on to the next section,
learn to recognize the letters in different scripts,
including their final forms.
� Make flash cards with the letters on one side and the
names on the other side.
– Include final forms.
– The website has a sheet of letters to print and cut out.
� Some letters appear with and without a dot, for
use after you have learned about begad kephat.
– Write the name and recognition notes on the other
side of each card.
1-45
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-46Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)
� Names of the Letters
� Difficulties Recognizing Letters
– Final Forms
– Different Fonts
– Similar Letters
� Writing and Transliterating the Letters
� Begad Kephat Letters
� Pronouncing the Letters
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-47How to Write the Letters
� The following slides suggest how to write the letters.
– You can write the letters differently,
as long as it is clear which letter is intended.
� Most letters can take a dot inside them.
– These slides show the location of the dot.
– The dot is not part of the basic letter shape.
– Don’t add the dot when writing the alphabet.
– Draw the dot after drawing the letter itself.
� Practice writing the letters as you watch the video.
– A practice sheet is available on the website.
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-48Alef אאאא
1 2
3
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-49Bet בבבב
1
2Tail on bottom right
distinguishes
Bet בבבב from Kaf ככככ
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-50Gimel גגגג
1
2
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-51Dalet דדדד
1
2Tail on top right
distinguishes
Dalet דדדד from Resh רררר
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-52Hay הההה
1
2Gap in upper left
distinguishes
Hay הההה from ḤḤḤḤet חחחח
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-53Waw / Vav וווו
1
Unlike Yod יייי and Final Nun ןןןן,Vav וווו comes just down to the line
Optional hook
in top left
1
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-54Zayin זזזז
1
2
Tail on top right
distinguishes Zayin זזזזfrom Waw וווו
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-55ḤḤḤḤet חחחח
1
2
Lack of Gap in upper left
distinguishes
ḤḤḤḤet חחחח from Hay from Hay from Hay from Hay הההה
1
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-56Tet טטטט
1
1
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-57Yod יייי
1
Unlike Vav וווו and Final Nun ןןןן,Yod יייי doesn’t reach the bottom line.
Some people
curve Yod
1
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-58Kaf ככככ
1
Smooth bottom right
distinguishes
Kaf ככככ from Bet בבבב
1
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-59Final Kaf ךךךך
1
2Unlike Dalet דדדד
and Resh רררר,
Final Kaf ךךךך goes below the line
Alternately, Kaf can
be all 1 curved line
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-60
Lamed לללל
1
1
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-61
Mem ממממ
1
2
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-62
Final Mem םםםם
1
Square bottom distinguishes
Final Mem םםםם from Samek סססס
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-63Nun ננננ
1
Some people
add a top hook
1
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-64Final Nun ןןןן
1
Unlike Yod יייי and Vav וווו,Final Nun ןןןן extends below the line
Optional hook
in top left
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-65Samek סססס
1
Optional hook
in top left
Round bottom distinguishes
Samek סססס from Final Mem םםםם
1
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-66Ayin עעעע
12
1
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-67Pay פפפפ
1
1
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-68Final Pay ףףףף
1
Tail extends
below the line
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-69Tsade צצצצ
1 2
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-70Final Tsade ץץץץ
1 2
Tail extends
below the line
Optional bend
in line 1 at joint
1
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-71Qof קקקק
1
2
2
Tail extends
below the line
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-72Resh רררר
1
Smooth top right corner
distinguishes
Resh רררר from Dalet דדדד
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-73Sin שששש
1
Placement of upper dot
distinguishes
Sin שששש from Shin שששש
23
3
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-74Shin שששש
1
Placement of upper dot
distinguishes
Shin שששש from Sin שששש
23
3
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-75Tav תתתת
1
2
Tail in lower left
distinguishes
Tav תתתת from ḤḤḤḤet חחחח
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-76Transliteration
� Transliterate as follows
ʾʾʾʾ b g d h w z ḥḥḥḥ ṭṭṭṭ y k l m n s ʿʿʿʿ p ṣṣṣṣ q r śśśś šššš t
� Different books use different transliteration symbols
– Most of the variation is for vowels, not consonants
� Learn to recognize transliterated words
– Transliteration is used in many reference books
� Direction of writing depends on the script:
– Write Hebrew script Right-to-Left ...אבגדאבגדאבגדאבגד
– Write transliteration Left-to-Right ʾʾʾʾ b g d ...
4
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
Before Going on to the Next Section …
� Learn to write the letters.
– The workbook has lines for practicing the letters.
– Don’t try to imitate the details of the fancy printed
letters in the book and workbook.
� Learn to write the letters in order.
– Write the final forms right after the regular forms.
תק ר � � �צ �פ עס �נ �ל מ �ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ א
1-77
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-78Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)
� Names of the Letters
� Difficulties Recognizing Letters
– Final Forms
– Different Fonts
– Similar Letters
� Writing and Transliterating the Letters
� Begad Kephat Letters
� Pronouncing the Letters
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
Begad Kephat Letters
� “Begad Kephat” means the letters ב ג ד כ פ תב ג ד כ פ תב ג ד כ פ תב ג ד כ פ ת� A dot (‘Dagesh’) changes their sound.
– Dagesh ���� a point-like, momentary sound (e.g., P)
– No Dagesh ���� a sound that can last (e.g., F)
� In Modern Hebrew, ג ד תג ד תג ד תג ד ת pronounced like תתתתג ד ג ד ג ד ג ד– I use this pronuncitation.
� Modern Hebrew uses different names for בב ככ פפבב ככ פפבב ככ פפבב ככ פפ– בבבב Bet vs. בבבב Vet, ככככ Kaf vs. ככככ Chaf, פפפפ Pay vs. פפפפ Fay
1-79
תתתת תתתת פפפפ פפפפ ככככ ככככ דדדד דדדד גגגג גגגג בבבב בבבב
Sound THin T PH P baCH K THe D GH G V B
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-80
Trans t t p p k k d d g g b b
Transliterating Begad Kephat Letters
� Underline transliterated begadkephat without a Dagesh.
– Overline p and g, since an underline wouldn’t fit.
– The line indicates a sound that can go on and on.
� E.g., בבבב = b = ‘v’ sound which can continue.
� E.g., בבבב = b = ‘b’ sound which is momentary.
תתתת תתתת פפפפ פפפפ ככככ ככככ דדדד דדדד גגגג גגגג בבבב בבבב
Sound THin T PH P baCH K THe D GH G V B
1
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
Before Going on to the Next Section …
� Learn to recognize transliterated Hebrew letters.
– Many Bible dictionaries, commentaries, and journal
articles use transliteration rather than Hebrew
letters.
– Make flash cards with the transliteration on one side
and the letter on the other side.
– Have separate flash cards for Begad Kephat letters
with and without a dot (‘Dagesh’)
1-81
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-82Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)
� Names of the Letters
� Difficulties Recognizing Letters
– Final Forms
– Different Fonts
– Similar Letters
� Writing and Transliterating the Letters
� Begad Kephat Letters
� Pronouncing the Letters
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-83Guttural Letters
� 4 guttural letters
– אאאא (Alef)
– הההה (Hay)
– חחחח (Ḥet)Ḥet)Ḥet)Ḥet)
– עעעע (Ayin) � Guttural letters affect the spelling of words
– The effects will be explained as they come up
� Resh רררר is not a guttural letter.
– It is never a guttural letter.
– But it has some of the characteristics of gutturals
– These will be explained as they come up
3
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-84Sound-Alike Letters
אאאא (Alef) עעעע (Ayin) silent
בבבב (Bet) וווו (Vav) Modern Vat
חחחח (Ḥet)Ḥet)Ḥet)Ḥet) ככככ (Chaf) No Dagesh baCH
טטטט (Tet) תתתת (Tav) with Dagesh Top
ככככ (Kaf) with Dagesh קקקק (Qof) Kite
סססס (Samek) שששש (Sin) Sat
� Remember which letter is in a vocabulary word!
� To help remember, I pronounce sound-alike letters
differently when pronouncing vocabulary words (but
not when reading texts), and I note the letter used.
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-85Variations in Letter Pronunciations
� Some letters are pronounced differently in Modern
Hebrew.
– Pick a system and try to be consistent
– Recognize the other system when you hear it
Letter Traditional Modern
גגגג aGHast Good
דדדד THe Dog
תתתת THin Top
וווו Wow Vat
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-86
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-87
4
� Silent (nowdays)
– Pronounce the vowel that follows it.
� Sounds like Ayin
– Both are silent
– When memorizing vocabulary, distinguish them.
– E.g., אםאםאםאם ‘if’ vs. עםעםעםעם ‘with’
� Guttural
– It was originally a glottal stop (the pause in “uh-oh”).
� Transliterate like single closing quote ʾ
Alef אאאא is silent
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-88
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-89Bet בבבב sounds like B or V
� Begad kephat
– Dagesh בבבב B sound, transliterate b
– No dagesh בבבב V sound, transliterate b
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-90
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-91Gimel גגגג sounds like G / GH
� Begad kephat
– Dagesh גגגג G sound, transliterate g
– No dagesh גגגג GH sound, transliterate g
� GH is troublesome to pronounce
– voiced velar fricative GH vs. voiced velar stop G
– Modern Hebrew pronounces both as G
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-92
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-93Dalet דדדד sounds like D / TH in The
� Begad kephat
– Dagesh דדדד D sound, transliterate d
– No dagesh דדדד TH sound of THe, transliterate d
� Modern Hebrew always pronounces as D
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-94
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-95Hay הההה sounds like H
� Transliterate as h
� Guttural
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-96
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-97VaV וווו sounds like V (or W)
� Modern Hebrew pronounces it as V
– So it sounds just like בבבב without Dagesh
– Called Vav in Modern Hebrew
� Traditionally pronounced as W
– Transliterated w
– Waw
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-98
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-99Zayin זזזז sounds like Z
� Transliterate as z
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-100
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-101Ḥet חחחח sounds like CH in Bach
� Sounds just like Kaf without Dagesh ככככ– חחחח was deeper in the throat than ככככ
� Transliterate as ḥḥḥḥ (h with dot under it)
� Guttural
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-102
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-103Tet טטטט sounds like T
� Sounds just like Tav with Dagesh תתתת– When memorizing vocabulary, I give Tet intentional
emphasis to help me remember that the word has Tet
טטטט not Tav תתתת� Transliterate as ṭṭṭṭ (t with dot under it)
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-104
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-105Yod יייי sounds like Y
� Transliterate as y
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-106
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-107Kaf ככככ sounds like K / CH in Bach
� Begad kephat
– Dagesh ככככ K sound, transliterate k
– No dagesh ככככ CH sound of BaCH, transliterate k
� Without a Dagesh, Kaf ככככ sounds like חחחח– חחחח was deeper in the throat than ככככ
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-108
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-109
Lamed לללל sounds like L
� Transliterate as l
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-110
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-111
Mem ממממ sounds like M
� Transliterate as m
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-112
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-113
Nun ננננ sounds like N
� Transliterate as n
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-114
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-115
Samek סססס sounds like S
� Sounds just like the letter Sin שששש� Transliterate as s
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-116
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-117
Ayin עעעע is silent
� Silent (nowdays)
– Pronounce the vowel that follows it.
� Guttural
– It was originally a voiced pharyngeal fricative.
� Silent just like Alef
– I try to pronounce it when memorizing vocabulary, to
help me remember that it is Ayin עעעע not Alef אאאא in the
word. But when reading the Bible, I have it be silent,
just like Alef.
� Transliterate like a single opening quote ʿʿʿʿ
4
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-118
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-119Pe פפפפ sounds like P / F
� Begad kephat
– Dagesh פפפפ P sound, transliterate p
– No dagesh פפפפ F sound, transliterate p
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-120
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-121
Tsade צצצצ sounds like TS
� Transliterate as ṣṣṣṣ (s with a dot under it)
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-122
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-123
Qof קקקק sounds like K
� Sounds just like the letter Kaf with a Dagesh ככככ� Transliterate as q
2
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-124
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-125
Resh רררר sounds like R
� Roll your R in the back of your throat if you can
� Transliterate it as r
� R is not a guttural letter
– But it has some of the characteristics of gutturals
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-126
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-127
Sin שששש sounds like S
� Sounds just like the letter Samek סססס� Transliterate as śśśś (s with a rising accent)
� Biblical acrostics treat Sin שששש and Shin שששש as one letter
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-128
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-129
Shin שששש sounds like SH
� Transliterate as šššš (s with a little v on top)
� Biblical acrostics treat Sin שששש and Shin שששש as one letter
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-130
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
1-131
3Tav תתתת sounds like T / TH
� Begad kephat
– Dagesh תתתת T sound, transliterate t
– No dagesh תתתת TH sound of THin, transliterate t
� תתתת sounds just like Tet טטטט� Modern Hebrew always pronounces as T
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely BY-NC-SA CC
Before Going on to the Next Chapter� Read chapter 1 in the textbook
– Read the textbook supplement along with each section of the
textbook as you go along.
� Memorize the study guide.
� Make sure you can also do the following:
– Write the Hebrew Alef-Bet, including final forms.
– Name and pronounce the Hebrew letters given their letter or
transliteration.
� This includes final forms
� This includes begad kephat with and without a Dagesh.
� Practice taking the quiz for chapter 1 (PDF on website)
– The answer key is page 2 of the PDF.
1-132