Chapter 1: A First Look at AnatomyA First Look at Anatomy

Anatomy is the study of ______________________________

The word anatomy is derived from Greek and means_____________________________________

___________________ examine the _____________________ among parts of the body along with the

structure of individual _____________________.

Introduction to Anatomy Physiology

The scientific discipline that studies the __________________ of body ____________________.

_________________ and _________________________ cannot be completely separated.

Form is related to _______________________.

Microscopic Anatomy Uses ________________ to examine _________________________

Terms; - ________________________; cellular anatomy; study of single body __________

- __________________; study of tissues

Gross Anatomy

_____________________ anatomy (unaided)

Approaches;- _______________________; changes in structure during an individual’s ___________________

- _______________________; developmental changes before ______________

- ___________________; all structures in a particular region as a single unit (e.g. all tissues of the

_________________)

- ___________________; superficial markings and related __________________ tissues

- ________________________; gross anatomy of each system including all __________________

Diagnostic branches- _____________________ (-ology); anatomical changes due to ________________

- ________________________; visualization of structures using ultrasound, _________

Levels of Organization in the Human Body The simplest level of ______________________ within the body is the ___________________ level,

which is composed of ______________________________________.

_________________ are the smallest units of ____________________.

Molecules

Two or more ______________ combine to form a molecule, such as

________________________.

Macromolecules

Larger and more __________________ molecules such as _______________________________.

At the _______________ level, specialized structural and functional units called

______________________ permit all living cells to share some common _____________________.

Large __________________ join in specific ways to form cells, the basic units of structure and

function in ____________________________.

The ___________ is the smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of _____________ things

(organisms), and it is the smallest living portion of the _______________ body.

Tissues

Groups of similar cells with a common ____________________ form ___________________.

Tissues are precise _________________________ of similar cells that perform

_______________.

Organs

Different ____________ types that work together to perform specific, complex functions form an

__.

Organ Systems

The _____________________ level consists of related organs that work together to

_____________________ activities and achieve a common __________________.

There are _____ organ systems in the ________________ body.

Organism

All body systems function ______________________ in a single living human being, the _____.

Characteristics of all living things _______________________; complex structure and order

________________________; all chemical reactions in the cells of the organism

________________

________________ and _____________________; from a single cell (in us) and the changes

during your ____________________

_______________________; sense and respond to changes in _____________________

_______________________; maintenance of a constant internal environment

(____________________

_______________________; production of cells used to create a new generation of

______________

The Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body Are:

_______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________ tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines ______________________.

Example: The inner lining of the ______________________________

Connective tissue ____________________, supports, and _____________________ body parts and

organs.

Can be solid (such as __________), liquid (such as _________), or intermediate (such as _______

Muscle tissue produces movement.

Skeletal muscle_______________________________________

Smooth muscle_________________________________________

Cardiac muscle _________________________________________

Nervous tissue conducts impulses for internal _______________________________.

______________________________________________________________

Body organ systems (usually in the order studied)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____

Integumentary

Provides _______________________;___________________________________

Regulates body ___________________;_________________________________

Site of cutaneous ___________________;_________________________________

Synthesizes vitamin ________;________________________________________

Prevents _____________ loss;________________________________________

Skeletal

Provides ___________________ and _______________________;_________________________

Site of _____________________________ (blood cell production)

Stores ____________________ and __________________________

Allows for body __________________________

Muscular

Produces body _______________________

Generates ___________ when muscles _________________________

Nervous A ______________________ system that controls body ____________________

Responds to _____________________________________

Helps ___________________ all other systems of the ______________________

Also responsible for _______________________________________________________

Endocrine

Consists of _____________ and cell clusters that secrete ______________, some of which

regulate

body and cellular ____________________

__________________ levels in the body

_____________________ functions

Cardiovascular Consists of a _____________ (the heart) that moves blood through blood _______________ in

order to distribute ________________________________________________, and pick up waste

products

Lymphatic Transports and filters lymph (______________________ fluid)

Initiates an ________________________ response when necessary

Respiratory Responsible for exchange of gases (_____________________) between blood and the air in the

_____

Digestive _______________________ and ______________________ digests food materials

Absorbs _________________________

Expels _________________________ products

Urinary Filters the ___________________ and removes _________________ products from the blood

_______________________ waste products in the form of urine, and expels ________ from the

body

Male Reproductive System Produces male sex cells (_______________) and male hormones (e.g.,

_______________________)

Transfers ______________________ to the female

Female Reproductive System

Produces female sex cells (______________) and female hormones

(___________________________

Receives ___________________ from male

Site of fertilization of ______________________

Site of growth and ______________________________ of embryo and _______________

Anatomical Terminology Anatomic position is a specific ____________ position in which an individual stands upright with the feet

______________ and _______________ on the floor.

The head is _______________, and the eyes look forward toward the _________________.

The ____________ are at either side of the body with the ___________ facing forward and the

________________ pointing away from the body.

A __________________ is an imaginary surface that _________________ the body into specific

sections.

The three major anatomic planes of reference are the

_______________________________________.

Sections and PlanesA __________________ plane, also called a __________________ plane, is a vertical plane that divides the

body into ____________________ (front) and _____________________ (back) parts.

A _________________________ plane, also called a _________________ plane or horizontal plane, cuts

___________________ along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both superior

(________________) and inferior (________________) parts.

A ___________________ plane or ____________________ plane, extends through the body or organ

vertically and divides the structure into ________________________________.

A sagittal plane in the body midline is a ______________________________ plane.

A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a

___________________ (or sagittal) plane.

A minor plane, called the _________________ plane, passes through the specimen at an

_________________.

Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to ______________ (belly side) or _______________ (back side) of the body :

_________________________ = In front of; toward the front surface

_________________________ = In back of; toward the back surface

___________________ =At the back side of the human body

_______________________ = At the belly side of the human body

Relative to the head or ___________ of the body:

_______________________ = Toward the head or above

_________________________ = Toward feet not head

________________________ = At the rear or tail end

__________________________ = At the head end

Relative to the midline or ____________________ of the body:

___________________ = Toward the midline of the body

___________________ = Away from the midline of the body

_______________ = On the inside, underneath another structure

___________________________________ = On the outside

Relative to point of ______________________ of the appendage:

_________________________ = Closest to point of attachment to trunk

_____________ = Furthest from point of attachment to trunk

Body Regions The human body is partitioned into two main regions, called the

__________________________________.

the ___________ region includes the head, neck, and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our

body

our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and make up the

_______________________________

Be able to label these figures for the exam:

Body Cavities and Membranes The posterior aspect of the body has two ______________________ cavities

A ___________________ cavity is formed by the cranium and houses the brain.

A vertebral canal is formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the

_______.

Body Cavities Both the ________________ and ____________________________ cavities are lined with thin serous

membranes, which are composed of _________ layers:

A ____________________ layer lines the internal surface of the ______________ wall.

A ____________________ layer covers the external surface of organs (___________) within the

cavity.

Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membrane is a thin ______________ cavity,

containing a lubricating film of ________________ fluid.

Constant _______________________ of the organs causes ___________________.

The _____________ fluid reduces __________________ and helps the organs move smoothly against

both one another and the _____________ wall.

The ______________________ space in the thoracic cavity is called the _________________________.

It contains the _____________________________________, and major blood vessels that connect to the

heart.

Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two-layered serous membrane called the

______________.

The Thoracic Cavity The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs; they are lined by a two-layered

___________ membrane called the _____________________.

The outer layer is the ________________ pleura; it lines the internal surface of the

_______________

The inner layer is the ________________ pleura; it covers the external surface of the

___________

The narrow, moist, __________________ space between them is called the

____________________

Abdominopelvic Cavity The ________________________ cavity consists of an ___________________ cavity and a

_____________.

The _______________________ is a moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the

_________________________________ cavity.

Abdominopelvic Regions The abdominopelvic cavity is partitioned into _____ smaller, imaginary _______________________.

Be able to identify each of the regions on the test:

(Review Questions are on next page)

Anatomy Chapter 1 Review Questions

Directions: Use your notes and text to answer these questionsUse the website to review your answers to these questions.

These questions are intended to help you to review your lecture notes. Questions pertaining to other images present in your notes will also show up on the exam.

(Note; choices (A – E) on the exam will not be identical to those seen on the website, nor will the correct answers, necessarily)

Directions Review1. What are the two best sources of answers to the following questions?2. How should you use the website in assisting you with these questions?3. The questions below are not the only things you need to study from chapter 1 for the exam; True (A) or False (B)4. The choices on the multiple choice exam will be identical those on the website; True (A) or False (B)5. Memorizing the correct answers to the questions below, without any understanding of the material is the best way to study for the

exam; True (A) or False (B)6. You will need to be able to answer questions about the figures presented in the notes; True (A) or False (B)

What did you learn? (Answers available on website)1. What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?2. What types of structures would a microscopic anatomist investigate?

3. What are the subdisciplines of gross anatomy?4. How does the study of surface anatomy differ from the study of regional anatomy?5. Describe structural organization at the cellular level6. Which level of organization consists of similar cells that work together to perform a common function?7. List four characteristics common to all organisms8. What is homeostasis?9. What type of plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures?10. If a physician makes an incision into a body cavity just superior to the diaphragm and inferior to the neck, what body cavity

will be exposed?11. Describe the location of the hypogastric region12. Use the directional term to describe the following; The elbow is _____ to the wrist and the neck is ___ to the shoulders

Multiple Choice (from text)1. Cutting a midsagittal section through the body separates the2. Examination of superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the covering skin is called3. Which of the following regions corresponds to the forearm?4. The state in which an organism maintains a constant internal environment is called5. The ____________ level of organization is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform a common

function.6. Which body cavity is located inferior to the diaphragm and superior to a horizontal line drawn between the superior edges of

the hip bones?7. The term used when referring to a structure in the body that is below, or at a lower level than, another structure of interest is8. Which medical imaging technique uses modified x-rays to prepare three-dimensional cross-sectional "slices" of the body?9. The _____ region is the "front" of the knee10. The study of anatomy that examines structures not readily seen by the unaided eye (structures that must be magnified first) is

Simple Multiple Choice (from website)1. One of the great early anatomists, promoted the idea of "living anatomy" was;2. Which statement best describes the relationship between structure and function?3. Cytology is the study of ____________ and their structures, while histology is the study of;4. The study of the structure and relationships of large body parts that are visible without a microscope is termed;5. Which branch of gross anatomy considers both superficial anatomic markings and internal structures as they relate to the overlying

skin?6. Which anatomic specialty follows changes in structure within an individual from conception through maturity?7. The study of body structures visualized by scanning procedures such as ultrasound or x-rays is called ____________ anatomy.8. The word root pathos, as in "pathologic anatomy," means 9. Which of the following entities represents the highest level of organization?10. Tissues can best be described as;11. Structures consisting of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions are called12. Which of the following is not a basic property or feature of all organisms?13. The consistent internal environment maintained by control and regulatory mechanisms within an organism is called14. Which of the following does not correctly pair an organ with its organ system?15. The trachea is part of the ____________ system16. Which organ system controls body movement and responds to sensory stimuli?17. The ____________ is an organ of both the endocrine and lymphatic systems.18. Which statement does not accurately describe the anatomic position?19. Which anatomic plane would section the body into matching left and right sides?20. Which anatomic plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?21. The directional term ____________ refers to a body part that is toward the head, or above.22. Which term describes a part that is closest to the point of attachment to the trunk?23. The diaphragm is located between which two body cavities?24. During embryonic development, the ventral cavity arises from a space called the25. The mediastinum does not contain the26. Which human body region includes the heel of the foot?27. The thigh is identified as the ____________ region.28. The calf is anatomically known as what body region?29. Which abdominopelvic region typically contains the urinary bladder?

Animation; Pleural membranes

1. Be able to identify (fill in) the structures in the above figure2. The layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung is the...3. The outermost layer of the pleural membrane is the...4. The fluid filled area between the pleural layers is the...5. The pleural membranes function like a fluid filled balloon that completely surrounds the heart.6. The pleural membranes completely surround the each lung.

Flash Cards; what term is described by the following definitions;1. The reopening of a blood vessel thought a variety of means2. Relating to an appendage or limb3. Relating to or situation in the central part of the body; the head, neck, and trunk (axial skeleton)4. Study of the origin and development of the organism, from fertilization of the secondary oocyte until birth5. Study of tissues formed by cells and cell products6. State of equilibrium in the body with respect to various functions and the chemical composition of fluids and tissues7. Relating to the hypogastrium, or pubic region8. Median space of the thoracic cavity9. Any one of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord10. Slanted or at an angle11. The fold of the peritoneum from the stomach to another abdominal organ12. Relating to the wall of any cavity13. Pertaining to disease14. Fibrous membrane covering the heart15. Serous sac that line the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the viscera within.16. Serous membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the walls of the pleural cavity.17. Relatively impenetrable to x-rays or other forms of radiation.18. External or posterior to the peritoneum.19. Being in an anteroposterior direction.20. Radiographic technique using ultrasound waves.21. Relating to the thorax, the area between the neck and the abdomen22. A radiographic image of a plane constructed by means of reciprocal linear or curved motion of the x-ray tube and film cassette.23. Relating to the umbilicus or navel.24. Relating to a vertebral element or the vertebral column.25. Organs of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and endocrine systems.

Labeling Exercises; Major body cavities

Be able to identify the following cavities on these illustrations.

(Do not worry about serous membrane identification from an image on the lecture portion)

Difficult Multiple Choice1. Which level of organization crosses the boundary from microscopic to gross anatomy?2. Histology is to tissues as ____________ is to cells.3. Of the following, which approach to gross anatomy would be best suited for the dissection of a human cadaver?4. Which pair proceeds from a more general to a more specific anatomic specialty?5. Regardless of the specific reason for the examination, a technician who performs sonography is working in the field of

____________ anatomy6. Which of the following structures are most numerous in your body?7. Cells are considered the smallest units of life because8. Which organ system interacts most directly with the respiratory system in distributing oxygen to the body tissues?9. Which of the following organ systems can alter the composition of blood?10. Surface anatomy examines evidence of underlying structures through direct scrutiny of which organ system?11. Although the processes collectively termed ____________ affect the entire organism, they occur specifically within the chemical

level of organization.12. Which of the following processes is necessary for the survival of single-celled organisms (such as bacteria) as well as humans?13. Of the following, the basic life process most likely to disrupt homeostasis within an organism is14. What body region lies immediately distal to the femoral region on the posterior side?15. The ____________ region is perhaps the only body region whose technical description is less precise than its informal equivalent.16. Which pair of terms is essentially synonymous in humans but not in four-legged animals?17. Caudal is to superior as inferior is to ____________.18. All of the anatomic planes intersect at right angles except the19. Which pair of directional terms would describe movement along the intersection of a sagittal and a transverse plane?20. Palpation is a method of clinical examination that involves21. "Potential spaces" filled with lubricating serous fluid surround22. Technically, the ____________ cavities surround organs but do not really contain them.23. The inferior most serous membrane is the24. Which of the following body cavities has a thin muscular sheet as its superior wall?25. Pain in the right upper abdominopelvic quadrant might more precisely be emanating from the