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Problems are questions raised from one’s curiosity about a phenomenon or an observation in his/her surroundings.

For example, “ What makes a bulb light up brighter”

Variables are factors involved in a scientific investigation. The variable that you change is called manipulated variable. The responding variable is what you observe or measure to obtains results. Factors that are not changed are called constant variables.

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. It shows the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable. For example, if more batteries are used then the bulb becomes brighter.

Planning the investigation is very important so that the hypothesis could be tested. This involves the following1. Identifying the materials and apparatus used.2. Determining the procedure which includes what to observe or what to measure in the investigation.

Carry out investigation according to the procedures as planned earlier.

Collect and record data based on the observations or measurements. The data should be collected and organised systematically.

Analyze the data to look for any patterns or trends. Pattern can become obvious if you organize your data in the form of graph, table or chart. It helps to interpret the data collected.

Based on the analysis and interpretation of data, a conclusion is drawn to accept or reject the hypothesis.

A report of a scientific investigation should contain the following items:1. Purpose – a statement about the problem.2. Hypothesis – a suggested answer to the problem.3. Variables – manipulated variable, responding variable and constant variable.4. Materials and apparatus used.5. Procedure – steps used in the investigation.6. Data collection – observation or measurements of the experiment.7. Analysis and interpretation of data.8. Conclusion – a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis.

To investigate the relationship between the number of batteries used and the brightness of a bulb.

If more batteries are used then the bulb becomes brighter.

1. Manipulated variable : The number of batteries used.2. Responding variable : The brightness of the bulb.3. Constant variable : a. The number and type of

bulbs used. b. The type of batteries used

1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram.

2. The brightness of the bulb was observed and recorded.

3. The experiment was repeated using two or more

batteries and the brightness of the bulb was recorded.

Batteries, bulbs and wires

Figure 1.1

A Complete Circuit Diagram

Batteries

Bulb

Numbers of batteries

Brightness of bulb

Bright Brighter Very bright

1

2

3

1 2 3

Number of batteries

Brightness

of bulb

The graph above shows that the brightness of the bulb increases with the number of batteries used

When more batteries are used, the bulb lights up brighter.

Therefore, the hypothesis is accepted.

The scientific investigation are important because they encourage us to:

1. Think scientifically.

2. Do work systematically.

3. Evaluate the information that we receive without any

biasness.

4. Think critically and analytically

1. Having an interest and curiosity towards the environment

2. Being honest and accurate in recording and validating data

3. Being diligent and perservering

4. Being responsible about the safety of oneself, others, and the

environment.

5. Realising that science is a means to understand nature.

6. Appreaciating and practising clean and healthy living.

7. Appreaciating the balance of nature

8. Being respectful and well-mannered

9. Appreciating the contributions of science and technology.

10. Being thankful to God.

11. Having critical and analytical thinking

12. Being flexible and open-minded.

13. Being kind-hearted and caring.

14. Being objective.

15. Being systematic.

16. Being cooperative.

17. Being fair and just.

18. Daring to try.

19. Thinking rationally.

20. Being confident and independent.

Which of the following is TRUE about hypothesis?

A Hypothesis is a true statement

B Hypothesis is a result of an experiment

C Hypothesis is an early conclusion that may be true or falseD Hypothesis is a general statement of relationship between manipulated variable and responding variable.

Which of the following is TRUE about inference?

A Inference is a true statement

B Inference is the result of an experiment study

C Inference is an early conclusion that may be true

or false

D Inference is a general statement of relationship

between manipulated variable and responding

variable.

Which of the following is NOT done by a scientist when conducting a scientific investigation?

A To analyze data

B To make hypothesis

C To ascertain and control the variables

D To make a conclusive result before conducting

an experiment

The scientific approach in fully understanding scientific concepts is to

I think like a scientist

II have a deep desire to explore the unknown

III appreciate inventions by other scientists

A I and II only

B II and III only

C I, II and III.

D I only

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about a scientific investigation?

A Analyze data

B Interpret data

C Identify suitable variables

D Not having a plan for the investigation

Results of an experiment must be carefully recorded because

I we do not have to refer to the results again

II we can analyze the results

III other scientist can be informed of the findings

A III only

B I and II only

C II and III only

D I, II and III

A report on an experiment should contain the following,

I Observation

II Materials and apparatus

III Aim of the experiment

A I and II only

B I and III only

C II and III only

D I, II and III

A report can be presented in the form of

I Drawings

II Graphs

III Histograms

A III only

B I and II only

C II and III only

D I, II and III

Which of the following is NOT a scientific attitude to adapt when conducting a scientific investigations?

A be biased

B be positive

C be objective

D be critical

In studying science, students need to master the scientific skills. Scientific skills include

I science presentation skills

II science manipulated skills

III science process skills

A I only

B I and II only

C II and III only

D I, II and III

Which of the following is NOT a scientific attitude and noble value?

A to appreciate contributions by scientific and technology

B interest and the urge to know more about the

environment

C honest and reliable when recording and conforming

data

D to conduct an experiment in a hasty manner

Making a hypothesis

Interpreting data Reporting

The flow chart shows steps involved in a scientific investigation. Complete the table below with the correct answers.

Study the following statement.

You are given

- 2 empty tins

- Sand

(a) Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement

(b) Describe an experiment to test your hypothesis based on the

following criteria

(i) Aim of the experiment

(ii) Identification of varibles

(iii) List of apparatus

(iv) Method

(v) Tabulation of data