chapt 01
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
GENERAL BIOLOGY
SCHOOL OF MLTFACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCE
PREPARED BY:MANEGA
HDL 121
CHAPTER 01 : INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR BIOLOGY
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 2 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Course Purpose
© 2010 Cosmopoint
This course introduces animal cells based on structure, characteristics, functions and cellular division. It also emphasises the theory of inheritance including the structure
and role gene, DNA, and chromosome.
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 3 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Topic Outlines
1.1 Cell Theory
1.1.1 “Theory of Spontaneous Generation”1.1.2 History of Cell Discovery
1.1.3 Theory of cells
1.2 Types of cells
1.2.1 Prokaryote1.2.2 Eukaryote
1.3 Human cells
1.3.1 Characteristic of human/animal cell
1.4 General structure of human cell
1.4.1 Components of a cell
© 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 4 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Course Objectives
© 2010 Cosmopoint
To develop understanding of general biology and genetics basic principles and definition.
To understand the scope of biology and human genetics which includes the study of cell, structure of cell, division of cells, genetic materials, mutation and common genetic condition.
To acquire knowledge according diseases caused by genetic mutation.
To understand basic techniques involved in biology laboratory.To understand laboratory hazards and step to ensure safety in
biology procedure.
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 5 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Learning Outcomes
© 2010 Cosmopoint
After completing this lecture, students will be able to:(a) Define a cell(b) List names of scientists in history of cell discovery(c) Outline the theory of cells(d) Identify types of human cells(e) Explain typical structure of a cell & its components
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 6 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.1.1: “Theory of Spontaneous Generation”
© 2010 Cosmopoint
AbiogenesisHypothetical process by which living organisms develop
from nonliving matter/decaying organic substances.Archaic theory that utilizes this process to explain the
origin of life. Pieces of cheese and bread wrapped in rags and left in a
dark corner, for example, were thus thought to produce mice, according to this theory.
Because after several weeks, there were mice in the rags.
Many believed in spontaneous generation because it explained such occurrences as the appearance of maggots on decaying meat.
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 7 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.1.2 : History of Cell Discovery
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Hans & Zacharias Janssen (1595) Dutch lens grinders, father & son produced 1st compound microscope (2 lenses)
Robert Hooke (1665)English scientist looked at a thin slice of cork (oak cork) through a
compound microscopeobserved tiny, hollow, roomlike structurescalled these structures ‘cells’ because they reminded him
of the rooms that monks lived inonly saw the outer wall (cell walls) because cork cells are
not alive
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 8 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.1.2 : History of Cell Discovery
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1680) Dutch fabric merchant & amateur scientistlooked at blood, rainwater, scrapings from teeth through
a simple microscope (1 lens)observed living cells; called some ‘animalcules’some of the ‘animalcules’ are actually bacteria
Matthias Schleiden (1838)German botanistviewed plant parts under a microscopediscovered that plant parts are made of cells
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 9 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.1.2 : History of Cell Discovery
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Theodor Schwann (1839)German zoologistviewed animal parts under a microscopediscovered that animal parts are made of cells
Rudolph Virchow (1855) German physicianstated that all living cells come only from other living cells
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 10 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.1.3 : Theory Of Cells
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Basic unit of structure & function of all living organisms.
Arise from pre-existing cells by cell division.
Made up of protoplasm surrounded by a semi-permeable lipoprotein membrane.
Divided into 2 types: prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 11 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.1.3 : Theory Of Cells
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Living things are made up of cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure & function
Almost all organisms consist of cells & cell products
All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells (through reproduction)
Each cell contains genetic material that is passed down during this process
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 12 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.1.3 : Theory Of Cells
© 2010 Cosmopoint
All basic chemical & physiological functions (eg. Repair, growth, movement, immunity, communication & digestion) are carried out inside of cells
The activities of cells depends on the activities of subcellular structures within the cell (organelles, plasma membrane, nucleus)
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 13 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.2: Types of Cell
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 14 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.2.1: Prokaryotes
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Primitive cells
Not true cells
Single-called organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles
Do not have nucleus
Has a single chromosome containing its entire DNA (lie free in the cytoplasm in a ring formation, not enclosed within a nuclear membrane)
Found in bacteria & cyanobacteria (kingdom Prokaryotae)
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 15 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.2.1: Prokaryotes
© 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 16 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.2.1: Prokaryotes
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Structure of prokaryotes cell.
Cell wall – contains peptidoglycan (consists of sugars & polymers which are linked with short polypeptides) provides rigid framework to support & maintain the shape of the cell, prevents rupture of the cell.
Plasma membrane – made up of phospholipids controls the exchange of waste of waste materials & nutrients, fully permeable, as receptor of hormones, neurotransmitters & other chemicals
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 17 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.2.1: Prokaryotes
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Mesosomes – infolding of the surface during cell division, organise the separation of 2 daughter cells & help in the formation of the cross wall between daughter cells
Ribosomes – 70S, tiny organelles, consists of 2 subunits, made up of equal amounts of RNA & proteins
Naked DNA – unit of inheritance, usually organised into genes & chromosomes
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 18 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.2.2: Eukaryotic
© 2010 Cosmopoint
True cells
With nucleus, more advanced cells as found in plants, animal & fungi
Have linear strands of DNA within their nuclei
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 19 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.2.2: Eukaryotic
© 2010 Cosmopoint
PLANT CELL
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 20 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.2.2: Eukaryotic
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Main Difference between Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic cells
Characteristics Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
1 Cell size Usually small (diameter 0.5 – 5µm)
Usually bigger (as big as 40 µm)
2 Form Unicellular / filamentous Unicellular, filamentous / multicellular
3 Cell wall Of murein, not of cellulose Cellulose, chitinised in fungi
4 Flagellum type Fine, simple & only consists of one microtubule
Complex, with ‘9+2’ pattern of triplet microtubules
5 Capsule May be present, of glycoprotein Usually not present
6 Pillus May be present for attachment No such structure present
7 Nucleus Absent, with no nuclear membrane
Present, with nuclear envelope
8 Nucleolus Absent, ribosome form in cytoplasm
Present, for ribosome synthesis
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 21 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.2.2: Eukaryotic
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Main Difference between Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic cells
Characteristics Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
9 Chromosomes/DNA Ring-shaped, ‘ naked’ DNA with no histone
Combined with histone forming X or inverted V shapes
10 Organelles Few, non with envelope Many, three with envelopes
11 Ribosomes Smaller types, 70S Bigger types, 80S
12 Respiration In mesosomes / plasma membrane
Inside mitochondria
13 Cell division Not by mitosis By mitosis & some can have meiosis
14 Photosynthesis No chloroplast, may be in vesicles
Inside highly specialised chloroplasts
15 Nitrogen fixing Few can fix nitrogen No such ability
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 22 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.2.2: Eukaryotic
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Main Difference between Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic cells
Characteristics Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
9 Chromosomes/DNA Ring-shaped, ‘ naked’ DNA with no histone
Combined with histone forming X or inverted V shapes
10 Organelles Few, non with envelope Many, three with envelopes
11 Ribosomes Smaller types, 70S Bigger types, 80S
12 Respiration In mesosomes / plasma membrane
Inside mitochondria
13 Cell division Not by mitosis By mitosis & some can have meiosis
14 Photosynthesis No chloroplast, may be in vesicles
Inside highly specialised chloroplasts
15 Nitrogen fixing Few can fix nitrogen No such ability
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 23 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.2.2: Eukaryotic
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Characteristics of a plant cell
A large central vacuole, which is bounded by a specialised membrane called tonoplast
A cell wall (made up of cellulose, pectins, hemicellulose & protein)
Contain a nucleus controls all chemical activities & pass heritable information from 1 generation to next through division of DNA
Nucleus is surrounded by nuclear membrane
Cytoplasm contains organelles
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 24 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.2.2: Eukaryotic
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Characteristics of a plant cell
The plasmodesmata, linking pores in the cell wall that allow each plant cell to communicate with other adjacent cells
Plastids, especially chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll
Plant groups without flagella (including conifers & flowering plants) also lack centrioles that are present in animal cells
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 25 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.3 : Human/animal cells
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Is bordered by a plasma membrane, but it has no cell wall & contains no large permanent vacuoles
Nucleus
An organelle, called centrosome, consisting of two centrioles, is found beside the nucleus
The cytoplasm may contain food granules, secretory granules & often temporary vacuoles/vesicles
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 26 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.3.1 : Characteristics of an animal cells
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Types of Human cells
BlastomereEggEmbryonic stem cell ErythrocyteFibroblastHepatocyte MyoblastMyotube (muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac)NeuronOocyte Osteoblast Osteoclast T-CellZygote
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 27 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.3.1 : Characteristics of an animal cells
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Types of Human cells
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 28 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.4 : General Structure Of Human Cell
© 2010 Cosmopoint
• Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell, showing subcellular components.Organelles:(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Slide 29 of 10
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular Biology
Sub Topic 1.4 .1 :Component Of Cell
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Cell membrane / plasma membrane
Cytoplasm (with organelles)
Nucleus