chap 7 diagrams
DESCRIPTION
Raven Biology (2014 ed.)cellular respirationTRANSCRIPT
1
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Product
Enzyme
NAD+
NAD+ NAD NAD
2e–
H+
+H+
Energy-rich
molecule
NAD+
1. Enzymes that use NAD+
as a cofactor for oxidation
reactions bind NAD+ and the
substrate.
2. In an oxidation–reduction
reaction, 2 electrons and
a proton are transferred
to NAD+, forming NADH.
A second proton is
donated to the solution.
3. NADH diffuses away
and can then donate
electrons to other
molecules.
Reduction
Oxidation
H H
H H
H
H
H H
2
2e–
Electrons from food
High energy
Low energy
2H+ 1 / 2 O2
Energy released
for ATP synthesis
H2O
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3
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H H
O
NH2 + 2H
CH2 O
O
O
H
H
NH2
H
H
N
N
N
CH2 O
O
O
H
H
NH2
O–
H
H
N N
N
H H O
N
N
H H
H
C C
O P
O P O– O P
O– O P
N N
OH
CH2
NADH: Reduced form of nicotinamide
O
O O
O
NAD+: Oxidized form of nicotinamide
Reduction
Oxidation
Adenine Adenine
OH OH
OH OH OH
OH OH
NH2 + H+
CH2
O–
4
PEP
– ADP
Enzyme Enzyme
– ATP P
P
P
Adenosine
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5
Outer
mitochondrial
membrane
Intermembrane
space
Mitochondrial
matrix
FAD O2
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Electron
Transport Chain Chemiosmosis
ATP Synthase
NAD+
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Glucose
Pyruvate
Oxidation
Acetyl-CoA
Krebs
Cycle
CO2
ATP H2O
ATP
e–
e–
NADH
NADH
CO2
ATP
NADH
FADH2
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H+
e–
6
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Glycolysis
NADH
Pyruvate Oxidation
ATP
Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis
Krebs Cycle
6-carbon sugar diphosphate
NAD+ NAD+
Pri
min
g R
ea
cti
on
s
Cle
ava
ge
O
xid
ati
on
an
d A
TP
Fo
rma
tio
n
NADH NADH
P P
P P
ATP ATP
ADP ADP
3-carbon sugar
phosphate
3-carbon sugar
phosphate
Pi Pi
ADP ADP
ATP ATP
ATP
ADP ADP
ATP
3-carbon
pyruvate
3-carbon
pyruvate
6-carbon glucose
(Starting material)
Glycolysis begins
with the addition of
energy. Two high-
energy phosphates
(P) from two
molecules of ATP
are added to the
6-carbon molecule
glucose, producing
a 6-carbon
molecule with two
phosphates.
Then, the 6-carbon
molecule with two
phosphates is split in
two, forming two
3-carbon sugar
phosphates.
An additional
Inorganic phosphate
( Pi ) is incorporated
into each 3-carbon
sugar phosphate. An
oxidation reaction
converts the two
sugar phosphates
into intermediates
that can transfer a
phosphate to ADP to
form ATP. The
oxidation reactions
also yield NADH
giving a net energy
yield of 2 ATP and 2
NADH.
7
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NADH
NAD+
NADH
Pi NAD+
Glucose
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Isomerase Aldolase
Pyruvate Pyruvate
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase
AD P
10
Glu
cose
Gly
cera
ldeh
yde
3-
ph
osp
hat
e
Pyr
uva
te
Glycolysis: The Reactions Glycolysis
NADH
Pyruvate Oxidation
H2O
ATP
ADP
Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis
Krebs Cycle
ATP
ATP
Phosphoglucose isomerase
Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (G3P)
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
1. Phosphorylation of glucose by ATP.
2–3. Rearrangement, followed by a second ATP phosphorylation.
4–5. The 6-carbon molecule is split into two 3-carbon molecules—one G3P, another that is converted into G3P in another reaction.
6. Oxidation followed by phosphorylation produces two NADH molecules and two molecules of BPG, each with one high-energy phosphate bond.
7. Removal of high-energy phosphate by two ADP molecules produces two ATP molecules and leaves two 3PG molecules.
8–9. Removal of water yields two PEP molecules, each with a high-energy phosphate bond.
10. Removal of high-energy phosphate by two ADP molecules produces two ATP molecules and two pyruvate molecules.
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
dehydrogenase
Pi
ADP
Phosphoglycerate kinase
ADP
ATP
3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG)
3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG)
H2O
ATP
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
ADP ADP
ATP ATP
Ph
osp
ho
en
ol-
p
yru
vate
3-
Ph
osp
ho
- gl
yce
rate
1,
3-B
isp
ho
sph
o-
glyc
era
te
Glu
cose
6-
ph
osp
hat
e
Fru
cto
se
6-p
ho
sph
ate
Fr
uct
ose
1,
6-b
isp
ho
sph
ate
D
ihyd
roxy
ace
ton
e
Ph
osp
hat
e
2-P
ho
sph
o-
glyc
era
te
CH2OH
O
CH2 O
O
P
CH2 O
O
P
CH2OH
O CH2 CH2 O
O
P P
CHOH
H
C O
CH2 O P
C O
O CH2 P
CH2OH
CHOH
O C O
CH2 O
P
P
CHOH
O–
C O
CH2 O P
H C O
O–
C O
CH2OH
P
C O
O–
C O
CH2
P
C O
O–
C O
CH3
8
9
10
7
4 5
3
2
1
6
Phosphoglyceromutase
8
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Without oxygen
NAD+
O2 NADH
ETC in mitochondria
Acetyl-CoA
Ethanol
NAD+
CO2
NAD+
H2O
Lactate
Pyruvate
Acetaldehyde NADH
NADH
With oxygen
Krebs Cycle
9
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Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
NADH
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis
Pyruvate Oxidation: The Reaction
NAD+
CO2
CoA
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Pyruvate
Pyru
vate
A
cety
l C
oen
zym
e A
O
CH 3
C
O–
C O
S CoA
CH3
O C
NADH
10
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CoA-
(Acetyl-CoA) CoA
4-carbon
molecule
(oxaloacetate) 6-carbon molecule
(citrate)
NAD +
NADH
CO2
5-carbon
molecule
NAD+
NADH
CO2
4-carbon
molecule
ADP + P
Krebs Cycle
FAD
FADH2
4-carbon
molecule
NAD+
NADH
ATP
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis
ATP
4-carbon
molecule
Pyruvate from glycolysis is
oxidized Krebs Cycle into an
acetyl group that feeds into the
Krebs cycle. The 2-C acetyl group
combines with 4-C oxaloacetate to
produce the 6-C compound citrate
(thus this is also called the citric
acid cycle). Oxidation reactions
are combined with two
decarboxylations to produce
NADH, CO2, and a new 4-carbon
molecule. Two additional
oxidations generate another
NADH and an FADH2 and
regenerate the original 4-C
oxaloacetate.
NADH
FADH2
Krebs
Cycle
11
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Glycolysis
NADH
F ADH2
Pyruvate Oxidation
ATP
Krebs Cycle: The Reactions
Citrate synthetase
NAD+
NADH
H2O
NAD+
NADH
CO2
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Fumarase
CoA-SH 1
2
Aconitase 3
4
8
9
7
CoA-SH
NAD+
CO2
5
6
NADH
CoA-SH
GDP + Pi
Acetyl-CoA
═
CH3 — C — S
O CoA —
Krebs
Cycle
Malate
dehydrogenase
-Ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase
Succinyl-CoA
synthetase
GTP
ATP
ADP
Succinate
dehydrogenase
FADH2
8–9. Reactions 8 and 9: Regeneration of
oxaloacetate and the fourth oxidation
7. Reaction 7: The third oxidation
6. Reaction 6: Substrate-level phosphorylation
5. Reaction 5: The second oxidation
4. Reaction 4: The first oxidation
2–3. Reactions 2 and 3: Isomerization
1. Reaction 1: Condensation
Electron T ransport Chain Chemiosmosis
Oxaloacetate (4C)
CH2
O ═ C
COO—
COO—
—
—
—
Citrate (6C)
HO — C — COO—
COO—
COO—
CH2
CH2
—
—
—
—
Isocitrate (6C)
HC — COO—
COO—
COO—
CH2
HO — CH
—
—
—
—
-Ketoglutarate (5C)
CH2
COO—
COO—
CH2
C — O —
—
—
—
Succinyl-CoA (4C)
CH2
COO—
S — CoA
CH2
C ═ O
— —
—
—
Succinate (4C)
COO—
CH2
COO—
CH2
— —
—
Fumarate (4C)
HC
CH
═
COO—
COO—
—
—
Malate (4C)
HO — CH
COO—
CH2
COO—
— —
—
FAD
12
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Mitochondrial matrix
NADH + H+
ADP + Pi H2O
H+ H+
2H+ + 1 / 2 O2
Glycolysi s
Pyruvate Oxidatio n
2
Krebs Cycle ATP
Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis
NADH dehydrogenase bc1 complex Cytochrome
oxidase complex
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Intermembrane space
a. The electron transport chain
ATP synthase
b. Chemiosmosis
NAD+
Q
C
e–
FADH2
H+ H+
H+ H+
e– 2 2 e– 2 2
ATP
FAD
13
ADP + Pi
Catalytic head
Stalk
Rotor
H+
H+
Mitochondrial matrix
Intermembrane space
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
ATP
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14
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H2O
CO2
CO2
H+
H+
2H+
+ 1 / 2 O2
H+
e–
H+
32 ATP
Krebs Cycle
2 ATP
NADH
NADH
FADH2
NADH
Pyruvate Oxidation
Acetyl-CoA
e–
Q
C
e–
Glycolysis
Glucose
Pyruvate
15
Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis
2 5
2 3
6 15
2
2
2 5 NADH
NADH
NADH
Total net ATP yield = 32 (30 in eukaryotes)
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
Krebs Cycle
Pyruvate oxidation
FADH2
Glycolysis 2
Glucose
Pyruvate
ATP
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16
Glucose
Acetyl-CoA
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Pyruvate
Pyruvate Oxidation
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain and
Chemiosmosis
Citrate
ATP
NADH
Inhibits
Inhibits Inhibits
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Glycolysis
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ADP
Activates
17
CO2
2 Acetaldehyde
2 AD P
2 Lactate
Alcohol Fermentation in Yeast
2 ADP
Lactic Acid Fermentation in Muscle Cells
2 NAD+
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 NADH
2 ATP
2 ATP
C O
C O
O–
CH3
C O
H
CH3
C O
C O
CH3
O–
CH3
H C OH
C O
O–
H
2 Ethanol
H C OH
CH3
2 Pyruvate
2 Pyruvate
Glucose
Glucose
G
L
Y
C
O
L
Y
S
I
S
G
L
Y
C
O
L
Y
S
I
S
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18
C
HO O
HO O
C
C
HO O
O
C
C O
C H H
C H H C H H
C H H
C H2N H
NH3
HO
Urea
Glutamate α-Ketoglutarate
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19
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CoA
Fatty acid
O O
— C — C — C —
═
H
H
—
═
—
ATP
NADH
H2O
Krebs
Cycle
PPi AMP +
FADH2
Fatty acid
2C shorter
CoA
CoA
Fatty acid
O H
H
— C — C — C —
— —
H
H
—
═
—
Fatty acid
OH
O H
H
— C — C — C
— —
H
H
— —
CoA
FAD
Fatty acid
O H
— C ═ C — C —
—
H —
═
CoA
Fatty acid
O HO
H
— C — C — C —
— —
H
H
—
═
—
CoA
NAD+
Acetyl-CoA
20
Cell building blocks
Deamination -oxidation Glycolysis
Oxidative respiration
Ultimate metabolic products
Acetyl-CoA
Pyruvate
Macromolecule
degradation
Krebs
Cycle
Nucleic acids Polysaccharides
Nucleotides Amino acids Fatty acids Sugars
Proteins Lipids and fats
NH3 H2O CO2
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