chap 3 solutions

Chapter 03: Financial Analysis

Chapter 3Financial Analysis

Discussion Questions

3-1. If we divide users of ratios into short-term lenders, long-term lenders, and stockholders, in which ratios would each group be most interested, and for what reasons?

Short-term lenders–liquidity ratios because their concern is with the firm’s ability to pay short-term obligations as they come due.

Long-term lenders–leverage ratios because they are concerned with the relationship of debt to total assets. They also will examine profitability to insure that interest payments can be made.

Stockholders–profitability ratios, with secondary consideration given to debt utilization, liquidity, and other ratios. Since stockholders are the ultimate owners of the firm, they are primarily concerned with profits or the return on their investment.

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3-2. Explain how the Du Pont system of analysis breaks down return on assets. Also explain how it breaks down return on stockholders’ equity.

The Du Pont system of analysis breaks out the return on assets between the profit margin and asset turnover.

Return on Assets = Profit Margin × Asset Turnover

Net incomeTotal assets

=Net incomeSales

×SalesTotal assets

In this fashion, we can assess the joint impact of profitability and asset turnover on the overall return on assets. This is a particularly useful analysis because we can determine the source of strength and weakness for a given firm. For example, a company in the capital goods industry may have a high profit margin and a low asset turnover, while a food processing firm may suffer from low profit margins, but enjoy a rapid turnover of assets.

The modified form of the Du Pont formula shows:

This indicates that return on stockholders’ equity may be influenced by return on assets, the debt-to-assets ratio or a combination of both. Analysts or investors should be particularly sensitive to a high return on stockholders’ equity that is influenced by large amounts of debt.

3-3. If the accounts receivable turnover ratio is decreasing, what will be happening to the average collection period?

If the accounts receivable turnover ratio is decreasing, accounts receivable will be on the books for a longer period of time. This means the average collection period will be increasing.

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3-4. What advantage does the fixed charge coverage ratio offer over simply using times interest earned?

The fixed charge coverage ratio measures the firm’s ability to meet all fixed obligations rather than interest payments alone, on the assumption that failure to meet any financial obligation will endanger the position of the firm.

3-5. Is there any validity in rule-of-thumb ratios for all corporations, for example, a current ratio of 2 to 1 or debt to assets of 50 percent?

No rule-of-thumb ratio is valid for all corporations. There is simply too much difference between industries or time periods in which ratios are computed. Nevertheless, rules-of-thumb ratios do offer some initial insight into the operations of the firm, and when used with caution by the analyst can provide information.

3-6. Why is trend analysis helpful in analyzing ratios?

Trend analysis allows us to compare the present with the past and evaluate our progress through time. A profit margin of 5 percent may be particularly impressive if it has been running only 3 percent in the last ten years. Trend analysis must also be compared to industry patterns of change.

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3-7. Inflation can have significant effects on income statements and balance sheets, and therefore on the calculation of ratios. Discuss the possible impact of inflation on the following ratios, and explain the direction of the impact based on your assumptions.

a. Return on investment.b. Inventory turnover.c. Fixed asset turnover.d. Debt-to-assets ratio.

a.Return on investment=Net income

Total assets

Inflation may cause net income to be overstated and total assets to be understated causing an artificially high ratio that is misleading.

b.Inventory turnover=Sales

Inventory

Inflation may cause sales to be overstated. If the firm uses FIFO accounting, inventory will also reflect “inflation-influenced” dollars and the net effect will be nil.

If the firm uses LIFO accounting, inventory will be stated in old dollars and too high a ratio could be reported.

c.Fixed asset turnover=Sales

Fixed assets

Fixed assets will be understated relative to their replacement cost and to sales and too high a ratio could be reported.

d.Debt to total assets=Total debt

Total assets

Since both are based on historical costs, no major inflationary impact will take place in the ratio.

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3-8. What effect will disinflation following a highly inflationary period have on the reported income of the firm?

Disinflation tends to lower reported earnings as inflation-induced income is squeezed out of the firm’s income statement. This is particularly true for firms in highly cyclical industries where prices tend to rise and fall quickly.

3-9. Why might disinflation prove to be favorable to financial assets?

Because it is possible that prior inflationary pressures will no longer seriously impair the purchasing power of the dollar, lessening inflation also means that the required return that investors demand on financial assets will be going down, and with this lower demanded return, future earnings or interest should receive a higher current evaluation.

3-10. Comparisons of income can be very difficult for two companies even though they sell the same products in equal volume. Why?

There are many different methods of financial reporting accepted by the accounting profession as promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Though the industry has continually tried to provide uniform guidelines and procedures, many options remain open to the reporting firm. Every item on the income statement and balance sheet must be given careful attention. Two apparently similar firms may show different values for sales, research and development, extraordinary losses, and many other items.

Chapter 3

Problems

1. Profitability ratios (LO2) Low Carb Diet Supplement, Inc., has two divisions. Division A has a profit of $100,000 on sales of $2,000,000. Division B is only able to make $25,000 on sales of $300,000. Based on the profit margins (returns on sales), which division is superior?

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3-1. Solution:

Low Carb Diet Supplements

Division A Division B

2. Profitability ratios (LO2) Database Systems is considering expansion into a new product line. Assets to support expansion will cost $500,000. It is estimated that Database can generate $1,200,000 in annual sales, with a 6 percent profit margin. What would net income and return on assets (investment) be for the year?

3-2. Solution:

Database Systems

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3. Profitability ratios (LO2) Polly Esther Dress Shops, Inc., can open a new store that will do an annual sales volume of $960,000. It will turn over its assets 2.4 times per year. The profit margin on sales will be 7 percent. What would net income and return on assets (investment) be for the year?

3-3. Solution:

Polly Esther Dress Shops, Inc.

4. Profitability ratios (LO2) Billy’s Chrystal Stores, Inc., has assets of $5,000,000 and turns over its assets 1.2 times per year. Return on assets is 8 percent. What is the firm’s profit margin (return on sales)?

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3-4. Solution:

Billy Crystal Stores, Inc.

5. Profitability ratios (LO2) Elizabeth Tailors, Inc., has assets of $8,000,000 and turns over its assets 2.5 times per year. Return on assets is 9.5 percent. What is the firm’s profit margin (returns on sales)?

3-5. Solution:

Elizabeth Tailors, Inc.

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6. Profitability ratios (LO2) Dr.Zhivago Diagnostics Corp. income statements for 2010 is as follows:

Sales.......................................................................................$2,000,000Cost of goods sold.................................................................. 1,400,000 Gross profit............................................................................ 600,000Selling and administrative expense........................................ 300,000 Operating profit...................................................................... 300,000Interest expense...................................................................... 50,000 Income before taxes............................................................... 250,000Taxes (30%)........................................................................... 75,000 Income after taxes.................................................................. $ 175,000

a. Compute the profit margin for 2010.

b. Assume in 2011, sales increase by 10 percent and cost of goods sold increases by 20 percent. The firm is able to keep all other expenses the same. Once again, assume a tax rate of 30 percent on income before taxes. What are income after taxes and the profit margin for 2011?

3-6. Solution:

Dr. Zhivàgo Diagnostics

a. Profit margin for 2010

b. Sales............................................................. $2,200,000*Cost of goods sold........................................ 1,680,000 **Gross profit.................................................. 520,000Selling and administrative expense.............. 300,000 Operating profit............................................ 220,000Interest expense............................................ 50,000 Income before taxes..................................... 170,000Taxes (30%)................................................. 51,000 Income after taxes (2011)............................. $ 119,000

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3-6. (Continued)

* $2,000,000 × 1.10 = $2,200,000

** $1,400,000 × 1.20 = $1,680,000

Profit Margin for 2011

7. Profitability ratios (L02) The Haines Corp. shows the following financial data for 2009 and 2010.

2009 2010Sales $ 2,500,000 $3,000,000Cost of goods sold 1,500,000 1,875,000Gross Profit 1,000,000 1,125,000Selling & administrative expense 205,000 210,000Operating Profit 795,000 915,000Interest expense 40,000 45,000 Income before taxes 755,000 870,000Taxes (35%) 264,250 304,500 Income after taxes $490,750 $565,500

For each year, compute the following and indicate whether it is increasing or decreasing profitability in 2010 as indicated by the ratio.

a. Cost of goods sold to sales.b. Selling and administrative expense to sales.c. Interest expenses to sales.

3-7. Solution:

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Haines Corp.

2009 2010

a.

It is decreasing profitability.

b.

It is increasing profitability.

c.It is increasing profitability.

8. Profitability ratios (L02) Neon Light Company has $1,000,000 in assets and $600,000 of debt. It reports net income of $100,000.

a. What is the return on the assets?

b. What is the return on the stockholders’ equity?

c. If the firm has an asset turnover ratio of 3 times, what is the profit margin (return on sales)?

3-8. Solution:Neon Light Company

a.

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b.

3-8. (Continued)

c.

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9. Profitability ratios (LO2) Network Communications has total assets of $1,400,000 and current assets of $600,000. It turns over its fixed assets 4 times a year. It has $300,000 of debt. Its return on sales is 5 percent. What is its return on stockholders’ equity?

3-9. Solution:

Network Communications

total assets $1,400,000– current assets 600,000 Fixed assets $ 800,000

total assets $1,400,000– debt 300,000

Stockholders’ equity $1,100,000

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10. Profitability ratios (LO2) Fondren Machine Tools has total assets of $3,000,000 and current assets of $800,000. It turns over its fixed assets 2.6 times per year. Its return on sales is 6.5 percent. It has $1,200,000 of debt. What is its return of stockholders’ equity?

3-10. Solution:

Fondren Machine Tools

Total assets $3,000,000 – Current assets 800,000 Fixed assets $2,200,000

Total assets $3,000,000–Debt 1,200,000 Stockholders’ equity $1,800,000

11. a. Profitability ratios (LO2) Alpha Industries had an asset turnover of 1.4 times per year. If the return on total assets (investment) was 8.4 percent, what was Alpha’s profit margin?

b. The following year, on the same level of assets, Alpha’s assets turnover declined to 1.2 times and its profit margin was 7 percent.

How did the return on total assets change from that of the previous year?

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3-11. Solution:

Alpha Industries

a. Total asset turnover × Profit Margin = Return on Total assets

1.4 × ? = 8.4%

b. 1.2 × 7% = 8.4%

It did not change at all because the increase in profit margin made up for the decrease in the asset turnover.

12. Du Pont system of analysis (LO3) AllState Trucking Co. has the following ratios compared to its industry for 2010.

AllState Trucking Industry

Return on sales……….. 3% 8%

Return on assets……… 15% 10%

Explain why the return-on-assets ratio is so much more favorable than the return-on-sales ratio compared to the industry. No numbers are necessary; a one-sentence answer is all that is required.

3-12. Solution:

Allstate Trucking Company

Allstate Trucking Company has a higher asset turnover ratio than the industry.

Calculations are not necessary to answer the question, but just in case a student did the calculations here is the comparison.

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Allstate’s Turnover 5×vs 1.25×Industry Turnover

13. Du Pont system of analysis (LO3) Front Beam Lighting Company has the following ratios compared to its industry for 2010.

Front Beam Lighting Industry

Return on assets…………… 12% 5%

Return on equity…………… 16% 20%

Explain why the return-on-equity ratio is so much less favorable than the return-on-assets ratio compared to the industry. No numbers are necessary; a one-sentence answer is all that is required.

3-13. Solution:

Front Beam Lighting Company

Front Beam has a lower debt/total assets ratio than the industry.

For those who did a calculation, Front Beam’s debt to assets was 25% vs 75% for the industry.

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14. Du Pont system of analysis (LO3) The King Card Company has a return-on-assets (investment) ratio of 12 percent.

a. If the debt-to-total-assets ratio is 40 percent, what is the return on equity?b. If the firm had no debt, what would the return-on-equity ratio be?

3-14. Solution:

King Card Company

a.

b. The same as return on assets of 12% because with no debt, the denominator would be 1.

15. Du Pont system of analysis (LO3) Using the Du Pont method, evaluate the effects of the following relationships for the Lollar Corporation.

a. Lollar Corporation has a profit margin of 5 percent and its return on assets (investment) is 13.5 percent. What is its assets turnover ratio?

b. If the Lollar Corporation has a debt-to-total-assets ratio of 60 percent, what would the firm’s return on equity be?

c. What would happen to return on equity if the debt-to-total-assets ratio decreased to 40 percent?

3-15. Solution

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Lollar Corporation

a.

b.

3-15. (Continued)

c.

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16. Du Pont system of analysis (LO3) Jerry Rice and Grain Stores has $4,000,000 in yearly sales. The firm earns 3.5 percent on each dollar of sales and turns over its assets 2.5 times per year. It has $100,000 in current liabilities and $300,000 in long-term liabilities.

a. What is its return on stockholders’ equity?b. If the asset base remains the same as computed in part a, but total asset turnover goes

up to 3, what will be the new return on stockholders’ equity? Assume that the profit margin stays the same as do current and long-term liabilities.

3-16. Solution:

Jerry Rice and Grain Stores

a.

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3-16. (Continued)

b. The new level of sales will be:

17. Interpreting results from the Du Pont system of analysis (LO3) Assume the following data for Cable Corporation and Multi-Media, Inc.

Cable Mu1tiCorporation Media, Inc.

Net income................................ $ 30,000 $ 100,000Sales.......................................... 300,000 2,000,000Total assets................................ 400,000 900,000Total debt.................................. 150,000 450,000Stockholders’ equity................. 250,000 450,000

a. Compute return on stockholders’ equity for both firms using ratio 3a. Which firm has the higher return?

b. Compute the following additional ratios for both firms. Net income/SalesNet income/Total assetsSales/Total assetsDebt/Total assets

c. Discuss the factors from part b that added or detracted from one firm having a higher return on stockholders’ equity than the other firm as computed in Part a.

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3-17. Solution:

Cable Corporation and Multi-Media, Inc.

a. Cable Multi- Corporation Media, Inc.

Multi-Media Inc. has a much higher return on stockholders’ equity than Cable Corporation.

3-17. (Continued)

b. Cable Multi-Corporation Media, Inc.

c. As previously indicated, Multi-Media, Inc. has a substantially higher return on stockholders’ equity than Cable Corporation (22.2% versus 12%). The reason is certainly not to be found on return on the sales dollar where Cable Corporation has a higher return than Multi-Media, Inc. (10% vs. 5%).

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However, Multi-Media, Inc. has a higher return than Cable Corporation on total assets (11.1% vs 7.5%). The reason is clearly to be found in total asset turnover, which strongly favors Multi-Media, Inc. over Cable Corporation (2.2x versus .75x). This factor alone leads to the higher return on total assets.

Multi-Media, Inc.’s superior return on stockholders’ equity is further enhanced by a higher debt ratio than Cable Corporation (50% vs. 37.5%). This means that a smaller percentage of Multi-Media, Inc.’s total assets are being financed by stockholders’ equity and thus the potentially higher return on stockholders’ equity.

3-17. (Continued)

Although not requested in the question, one could show the following:

Multi-Media, Inc. = 11.1%(1–.05) = 11.17%/.50 = 22.2%

Cable Corporation = 7.5%(1–.375) = 7.5%/.625 = 12%

18. Average collection period (LO2) A firm has sales of $1.2 million, and 10 percent of the sales are for cash. The year-end accounts receivable balance is $180,000. What is the average collection period? (Use a 360-day year.)

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3-18. Solution:

19. Average daily sales (LO2) The Chamberlain Corporation has an accounts receivable turnover equal to 12 times. If accounts receivable are equal to $90,000, what is the value for average daily credit sales?

3-19. Solution:

Chamberlain Corporation

To determine credit sales, multiply accounts receivable by accounts receivable turnover.

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20. Inventory turnover (LO2) Kamin Corporation has the following financial data for the years 2009 and 2010:

2009 2010

Sales………………………… $4,000,000 $5,000,000

Cost of goods sold…………… 3,000,000 4,500,000

Inventory…………………….. 400,000 500,000

a. Compute inventory turnover based on ratio number 6, Sales/Inventory, for each year.b. Compute inventory turnover based on an alternative calculation that is used by many

financial analysts, Cost of goods sold/Inventory, for each year.c. What conclusions can you draw from part a and part b?

3-20. Solution:

Kamin Corporation

2009 2010

a.

b.

c. Based on the sales to inventory ratio, the turnover has remained constant at 10x. However, based on the cost of goods sold to inventory ratio, it has improved from 7.5x to 9x.

The latter ratio may be providing a false picture of improvement in this example simply because cost of goods sold has gone up as percentage of sales (from 75 percent to 90 percent). Inventory is not really turning over any faster.

3-24


3-20. (Continued)

Nevertheless, cost of goods sold is used by many analysts in the numerator of the inventory turnover ratio because it is stated on a “cost” basis as is inventory. This is an important theoretical consideration.

Nevertheless, the authors prefer to use sales in the numerator of the inventory turnover ratio because that is the procedure used by Dun & Bradstreet, the most widely quoted sources for ratio analysis. Furthermore, for privately traded companies there may be only information available on sales and net cost of goods sold.

21. Turnover ratios (LO2) Jim Short’s Company makes clothing for schools. Sales in 2010 were $4,000,000. Assets were as follows:

Cash………………………………………. $ 100,000

Accounts receivable………………………. 800,000

Inventory………………………………….. 400,000

Net plant and equipment………………….. 500,000

Total assets…………………………… $1,800,000

a. Compute the following:1. Accounts receivable turnover2. Inventory turnover3. Fixed asset turnover4. Total asset turnover

b. In 2011, sales increased to $5,000,000 and the assets for that year were as follows:

Cash………………………………………... $ 100,000

Accounts receivable……………………….. 900,000

Inventory…………………………………... 975,000

Net plant and equipment…………………... 500,000

Total assets…………………………….. $2,475,000

Once again, compute the four ratios.

c. Indicate if there is an improvement or decline in total asset turnover, and based on the other ratios, indicate why this development has taken place.

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3-21. Solution:

Jim Short’s Company

a. 1. Accounts receivable turnover = Sales/Accounts Receivable

2. Inventory turnover = Sales/Inventory

3-21. (Continued)

3. Fixed asset turnover = Sales/(Net Plant & Equipment)

4. Total asset turnover = Sales/Total Assets

b. 1. Accounts receivable turnover

2. Inventory turnover

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3. Fixed asset turnover

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4. Total asset turnover

c. There is a decline in total asset turnover from 2.22 to 2.02. This development has taken place because of the slowdown in inventory turnover (10x down to 5.13x). The other two ratios are slightly improved.

22. Overall ratio analysis (LO2)The balance sheet for the Bryan Corporation is shown below. Sales for the year were $3,040,000, with 75 percent of sales sold on credit.

BRYAN CORPORATIONBalance Sheet 201X

Assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Cash…………………… $ 50,000 Accounts payable…………….. $220,000

Accounts receivable…... 280,000 Accrued taxes………………… 80,000

Inventory……………… 240,000 Bonds payable

(long-term)……………………

118,000

Plant and equipment…... 380,000 Common stock……………….. 100,000

Paid-in capital………………… 150,000

Retained earnings…………….. 282,000

Total assets………... $950,000

Total liabilities and

stockholders’ equity… $950,000

Compute the following ratios:

a. Current ratio.b. Quick ratio.c. Debt-to-total-assets ratio.d. Asset turnover.e. Average collection period.

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3-22. Solution:

Bryan Corporation

a.

3-22. (Continued)

b.

c.

3-29


d.

3-30


e.

23. Debt utilization ratios (LO2) The Lancaster Corporation’s income statement is given below.

a. What is the times-interest-earned ratio?b. What would be the fixed-charge-coverage ratio?

LANCASTER CORPORATION

Sales.............................................................................. $200,000Cost of goods sold......................................................... 116,000Gross profit................................................................... 84,000Fixed charges (other than interest)................................ 24,000Income before interest and taxes................................... 60,000Interest........................................................................... 12,000Income before taxes...................................................... 48,000Taxes (35%).................................................................. 16,800Income after taxes......................................................... $ 31,200

3-23. Solution:

Lancaster Corporation

a.

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b.

24. Debt utilization and Du Pont system of analysis (LO3) Using the income statement for J. Lo Wedding Gowns, compute the following ratios:

a. The interest coverage.b. The fixed charge coverage.

The total assets for this company equal $160,000. Set up the equation for the Du Pont system of ratio analysis, and compute the answer to part c below using ratio 2 b on page 59.c. Return on assets (investment).

J.LO WEDDING GOWNSIncome Statement

Sales.............................................................................. $200,000Less: Cost of goods sold............................................ 90,000

Gross profit................................................................... 110,000Less: Selling and administrative expense.................. 40,000Less: Lease expense................................................... 10,000

Operating profit*........................................................... $ 60,000Less: Interest expense................................................ 5,000

Earnings before taxes.................................................... $ 55,000Less: Taxes (40%)...................................................... 22,000

Earnings after taxes....................................................... $ 33,000

*Equals income before interest and taxes.

3-24. Solution:

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J. Lo Wedding Gowns

a.

3-24. (Continued)

b.

c.

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25. Debt utilization (LO2) A firm has net income before interest and taxes of $96,000 and interest expense of $24,000.

a. What is the times-interest-earned ratio?b. If the firm’s lease payments are $40,000, what is the fixed charge coverage?

3-25. Solution:

a.

b.

26. Return on assets analysis (LO2) In January 2001, the Status Quo Company was formed. Total assets were $500,000, of which $300,000 consisted of depreciable fixed assets. Status Quo uses straight-line depreciation of $30,000 per year, and in 2001 it estimated its fixed assets to have useful lives of 10 years. Aftertax income has been $26,000 per year each of the last 10 years. Other assets have not changed since 2001.

a. Compute return on assets at year-end for 2001, 2003, 2006, 2008, and 2010. (Use $26,000 in the numerator for each year.)

b. To what do you attribute the phenomenon shown in part a?

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c. Now assume income increased by 10 percent each year. What effect would this have on your above answers (A comment is all that is necessary.)

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3-26. Solution:

Status Quo Company

a.

The return on assets for Status Quo will increase over time as the assets depreciate and the denominator gets smaller. Fixed assets at the beginning of 2001 equal $300,000 with a ten-year life which means the depreciation expense will be $30,000 per year. Book values at year-end are as follows:

2001 = $270,000;2003 = $210,000;2006 = $120,000;2008 = $ 60,000;2010 = -0-

2001 = $26,000/$470,000 = 5.53%2003 = $26,000/$410,000 = 6.34%2006 = $26,000/$320,000 = 8.13%2008 = $26,000/$260,000 = 10.00%2010 = $26,000/$200,000 = 13.00%

3-26. (Continued)

b. The increasing return on assets over time is due solely to the fact that annual depreciation charges reduce the amount of investment. The increasing return is in no way due to operations.

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Financial analysts should be aware of the effect of overall asset age on the return-on-investment ratio and be able to search elsewhere for indications of operating efficiency when ROI is very high or very low.

c. As income rises, return on assets will be higher than in part (b) and would indicate an increase in return partially from more profitable operations.

27. Trend analysis (LO4) Jodie Foster Care Homes, Inc., shows the following data:

Year Net Income Total Assets Stockholders’ Equity Total Debt2007 $118,000 $1,900,000 $ 700,000 $1,200,0002008 131,000 1,950,000 950,000 1,000,0002009 148,000 2,010,000 1,100,000 910,0002010 175,700 2,050,000 1,420,000 630,000

a. Compute the ratio of net income to total assets for each year and comment on the trend.b. Compute the ratio of net income to stockholders’ equity and comment on the trend.

Explain why there may be a difference in the trends between parts a and b.

3-27. Solution:

Jodie Foster Care Homes, Inc.

a.

2007 $118,000/$1,900,000 = 6.21%2008 $131,000/$1,950,000 = 6.722009 $148,000/$2,010,000 = 7.362010 $175,700/$2,050,000 = 8.57

Comment: There is a strong upward movement in return on assets over the four year period.

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b.

2007 $118,000/$700,000 = 16.86%2008 $131,000/$950,000 = 13.792009 $148,000/$1,100,000 = 13.452010 $175,700/$1,420,000 = 12.37

Comment: The return on stockholders’ equity ratio is going down each year. The difference in trends between a and b is due to the larger portion of assets that are financed by stockholders’ equity as opposed to debt.

3-27. (Continued)

Optional: This can be confirmed by computing total debt to total assets for each year.

2007 63.2%2008 51.32009 45.32010 30.7

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28. Trend analysis (LO4) Quantum Moving Company has the following data. Industry information also is shown.

Industry Data on Company Data Net Income/Total Assets

Year Net Income Total Assets2008 $350,000 $2,800,000 11.5%2009 375,000 3,200,000 8.42010 375,000 3,750,000 5.5

Industry Data onYear Debt Total Assets Debt/Total Assets2008 $1,624,000 $2,800,000 54.1%2009 1,730,000 3,200,000 42.02010 1,900,000 3,750,000 33.4

As an industry analyst comparing the firm to the industry, are you likely to praise or criticize the firm in terms of:

a. Net income/Total assets.b. Debt/Total assets.

3-28. Solution:

Quantum Moving Company

a. Net income/total assets

Year Quantum Ratio Industry Ratio2008 12.5% 11.5%2009 11.7% 8.4%2010 10.0% 5.5%

Although the company has shown a declining return on assets since 2008, it has performed much better than the industry. Praise may be more appropriate than criticism.

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3-28. (Continued)

b. Debt/total assets

Year Quantum Ratio Industry Ratio2008 58.0% 54.0%2009 54.1% 42.0%2010 50.7% 33.4%

While the company’s debt ratio is declining, it is not declining nearly as rapidly as the industry ratio. Criticism may be more appropriate than praise.

29. Analysis by divisions (LO2) The Global Products Corporation has three subsidiaries.

Medical Supplies Heavy Machinery Electronics

Sales....................................... $20,000,000 $5,000,000 $4,000,000Net income (after taxes)......... 1,200,000 190,000 320,000Assets..................................... 8,000,000 8,000,000 3,000,000.

a. Which division has the lowest return on sales?b. Which division has the highest return on assets?c. Compute the return on assets for the entire corporation.d. If the $8,000,000 investment in the heavy machinery division is sold off and

redeployed in the medical supplies subsidiary at the same rate of return on assets currently achieved in the medical supplies division, what will be the new return on assets for the entire corporation?

3-29. Solution:

Global Products Corporation

a. Medical HeavySupplies Machinery Electronics

Net income/sales 6.0% 3.8% 8.0%

The heavy machinery division has the lowest return on sales.

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b. Medical HeavySupplies Machinery Electronics

Net income/ 15.0% 2.375% 10.67%total assets

The medical supplies division has the highest return on assets.

3-29. (Continued)

c.

d. Return on redeployed assets in heavy machinery.15% x $8,000,000 = $1,200,000

Return on assets for the entire corporation:

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30. Analysis by affiliates (LO1) Omni Technology Holding Company has the following three affiliates:

Personal Foreign Software Computers Operations

Sales................................. $40,000,000 $60,000,000 $100,000,000Net income (after taxes)... 2,000,000 2,000,000 8,000,000Assets............................... 5,000,000 25,000,000 60,000,000Stockholders’ equity........ 4,000,000 10,000,000 50,000,000

a. Which affiliate has the highest return on sales?b. Which affiliate has the lowest return on assets?c. Which affiliate has the highest total asset turnover?d. Which affiliate has the highest return on stockholders’ equity?e. Which affiliate has the highest debt ratio? (Assets minus stockholders’ equity

equals debt.)f. Returning to question b, explain why the software affiliate has the highest return on

total assets.g. Returning to question d, explain why the personal computer affiliate has a higher

return on stockholders’ equity than the foreign operations affiliate even though it has a lower return on total assets.

3-30. Solution:

Omni Technology Holding Company

a. Net income/sales

The foreign operation affiliate has the highest return on sales.

b. Net income/total assets

The personal computer affiliate has the lowest return on assets.

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3-30. (Continued)

c. Sales/total assets

The software affiliate has the highest return on total asset turnover.

d. Net income/Stockholders’ equity

The Software affiliate has the highest return on stockholders’ equity.

e. Debt/total assets

The personal computer affiliate has the highest debt/total assets ratio.

f. This is because of its high total asset turnover ratio of 8.0x in part c.

g. This is because the personal computer affiliate has a higher debt ratio (60.0%) than the foreign operations affiliate (16.7%).

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31. Inflation and inventory accounting effect (LO5) The Canton Corporation shows the following income statement. The firm uses FIFO inventory accounting.

CANTON CORPORATIONIncome Statement for 2010

Sales..................................................................... $100,000 (10,000 units at $10)Cost of goods sold................................................ 50,000 (10,000 units at $5)Gross profit.......................................................... 50,000Selling and administrative expense...................... 5,000Depreciation......................................................... 10,000 Operating profit.................................................... 35,000Taxes (30%)......................................................... 10,500Aftertax income................................................... $ 24,500

a. Assume in 2011 the same 10,000-unit volume is maintained, but that the sales price increases by 10 percent. Because of FIFO inventory policy, old inventory will still be charged off at $5 per unit. Also assume selling and administrative expense will be 5 percent of sales and depreciation will be unchanged. The tax rate is 30 percent. Compute aftertax income for 2011.

b. In part a, by what percent did aftertax income increase as a result of a 10 percent increase in the sales price? Explain why this impact took place.

c. Now assume that in 2012 the volume remains constant at 10,000 units, but the sales price decreases by 15 percent from its year 2011 level. Also, because of FIFO inventory policy, cost of goods sold reflects the inflationary conditions of the prior year and is $5.50 per unit. Further, assume selling and administrative expense will be 5 percent of sales and depreciation will be unchanged. The tax rate is 30 percent. Compute the aftertax income.

3-31. Solution:

Canton Corporation

a. 2011Sales................................. $110,000 (10,000 units at $11)Cost of goods sold............ 50,000 (10,000 units at $5)

Gross profit.................... $ 60,000Selling and adm. expense 5,500 (5% of sales)Depreciation..................... 10,000

Operating profit............. $ 44,500Taxes (30%)..................... $ 13,350

After tax income............ $ 31,150

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3-31. (Continued)

b. Gain in aftertax income

2011 $31,1502010 24,500Increase $6,650

Aftertax income increased much more than sales because of FIFO inventory policy (in this case, the cost of old inventory did not go up at all), and because of historical cost depreciation (which did not change).

c. 2012Sales................................. $93,500 (10,000 units at $9.35*)Cost of goods sold............ 55,000 (10,000 units at $5.50)

Gross profit.................... $38,500Selling and adm. expense 4,675 (5% of sales)Depreciation..................... 10,000

Operating profit............. $23,825Taxes (30%)..................... $ 7,148

After tax income............ $16,677

*$11 × 0.85 = $9.35

The low profits indicate the effect of inflation followed by disinflation.

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32. Using ratios to construct financial statements (LO2) Construct the current assets section of the balance sheet from the following data. (Use cash as a plug figure after computing the other values.)

Yearly sales (credit)..................................................................... $420,000Inventory turnover....................................................................... 7 timesCurrent liabilities......................................................................... $80,000Current ratio................................................................................. 2Average collection period............................................................ 36 daysCurrent assets: $

Cash......................................................................... ______Accounts receivable................................................ ______Inventory................................................................. ______

Total current assets............................................. ______

3-32. Solution:

Inventory = $420,000/7= $60,000

Current assets = 2 × $80,000= $160,000

Account rec. = ($420,000/360) x 36= $42,000

Cash = $160,000 – $60,000 – $42,000= $ 58,000

Cash................................ $ 58,000Accounts receivable....... 42,000Inventory........................ 60,000

Total current assets $160,000

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33. Using ratios to construct financial statements (LO2) The Shannon Corporation has credit sales of $750,000. Given the following ratios, fill in the balance sheet.

Total assets turnover................................... 2.5 timesCash to total assets...................................... 2.0 percentAccounts receivable turnover..................... 10.0 timesInventory turnover...................................... 15.0 timesCurrent ratio................................................ 2.0 timesDebt to total assets...................................... 45.0percent

SHANNON CORPORATIONBalance Sheet 201X

Assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Cash .............................. _____ Current debt............................................. _____Accounts receivable...... _____ Long-term debt......................................... _____Inventory....................... _____ Total debt.............................................. _____ Total current assets . . . _____ Net worth................................................. _____Fixed assets .................. _____ Total debt and Total assets ................ _____ stockholders’ equity............................ _____

3-33. Solution:

Shannon Corporation

Sales/total assets = 2.5 timesTotal assets = $750,000/2.5Total assets = $300,000

Cash = 2% of total assetsCash = 2% × $300,000Cash = $6,000

Sales/accounts receivable = 10 timesAccounts receivable = $750,000/10Accounts receivable = $75,000

Sales/inventory = 15 timesInventory = $750,000/15Inventory = $50,000

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3-33. (Continued)

Fixed assets = Total assets – current assetsCurrent assets = $6,000 + $75,000 + $50,000

= $131,000Fixed assets = $300,000 – $131,000

= $169,000

Current assets/current debt = 2Current debt = Current assets/2Current debt = $131,000/2Current debt = $65,500

Total debt/total assets = 45%Total debt = .45 × $300,000Total debt = $135,000

Long-term debt = Total debt – current debtLong-term debt = $135,000 – $65,500Long-term debt = $69,500

Net worth = Total assets – total debtNet worth = $300,000 – $135,000Net worth = $165,000

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Shannon CorporationBalance Sheet 201X

Cash..................... $ 6,000 Current debt........ $ 65,500A/R....................... $ 75,000 Long-term debt. . . $ 69,500Inventory.............. $ 50,000 Total debt......... $135,000

Total current assets $ 131,000

Fixed assets.......... $ 169,000 Net worth............ $165,000Total assets........... $ 300,000 Total debt and

stockholders’equity

$300,000

34. Using ratios to determine account balances (LO2) We are given the following information for the Pettit Corporation.

Sales (credit)............................................................. $3,000,000Cash.......................................................................... 150,000Inventory.................................................................. 850,000Current liabilities...................................................... 700,000Asset turnover.......................................................... 1.25 timesCurrent ratio............................................................. 2.50 timesDebt-to-assets ratio................................................... 40%Receivables turnover................................................ 6 times

Current assets are composed of cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, and inventory. Calculate the following balance sheet items.a. Accounts receivable.b. Marketable securities.c. Fixed assets.d. Long-term debt.

3-34. Solution:

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Pettit Corporation

a. Accounts receivable = Sales/Receivable turnover= $3,000,000/6x= $500,000

b. Marketable securities = Current assets – (cash +accounts rec. + inventory)

Current Assets = Current ratio × Current liabilities= 2.5 × $700,000= $1,750,000

Marketable securities = $1,750,000 – ($150,000 +$500,000 + $850,000)

= $1,750,000 – $1,500,000= $250,000

3-34. (Continued)

c. Fixed assets = Total assets – Current assetsTotal assets = Sales/Asset turnover

= $3,000,000/1.25x= $2,400,000

Fixed assets = $2,400,000 – $1,750,000= $650,000

d. Long-term debt = Total debt – current liabilitiesTotal debt = Debt to assets × total assets

= 40% × $2,400,000= $960,000

Long-term debt = $960,000 – $700,000= $260,000

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35. Using ratios to construct financial statements (LO2) The following information is from Harrelson, Inc.’s, financial statements. Sales (all credit) were $20 million for 2010.

Sales to total assets......................................... 2 timesTotal debt to total assets................................. 30%Current ratio................................................... 3.0 timesInventory turnover......................................... 5.0 timesAverage collection period.............................. 18 daysFixed asset turnover....................................... 5.0 times

Fill in the balance sheet:

Cash..................................... ______ Current debt.......................................... ______Accounts receivable............ ______ Long-term debt...................................... ______Inventory............................. ______ Total debt............................................ ______ Total current assets........... ______ Equity.................................................... ______Fixed assets......................... ______ Total debt and equity.......................... ______ Total assets........................ ______

3-35. Solution:

Harrelson Inc.

Sales/total assets = 2Total assets = $20 million/2Total assets = $10 million

Total debt/total asset = 30%Total debt = $10 million x .3Total debt = $3 million

Sales/inventory = 5.0xInventory = $20 million/5xInventory = $4 million

Average daily sales = $20 million/360 days= $55,555.55 per day

Accounts receivable = 18 days × $55,555.56= $1 million (or)

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3-35. (Continued)

Fixed assets = $20 million/5x= $4 million

Current assets = Total assets – Fixed assets= $10 million - $4 million= $6 million

Cash = Current assets – accounts receivable – inventory

= $6 million – $1 million – $4 million = $1 million

Current liabilities = Current assets/3= $6 million/3= $2 million

Long-term debt = Total debt – current debt= $3 million – $2 million= $1 million

Equity = Total assets – total debt= $10 million – $3 million= $7 million

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3-35. (Continued)

Cash................ $ 1.0 million Current debt.............$ 2.0 millionAccounts receivable..... $ 1.0 Long-term debt.............$ 1.0Inventory......... $ 4.0 Total debt....... $ 3.0Total current assets............ $ 6.0

Equity............. $ 7.0

Fixed assets..... $ 4.0Total assets..... $10.0 million Total debt and

equity...........$10.0 million

36. Comparing all the ratios (LO2) Using the financial statements for the Snider Corporation, calculate the 13 basic ratios found in the chapter.

SNIDER CORPORATIONBalance Sheet

December 31, 2010AssetsCurrent assets:

Cash...................................................... $ 50,000

Marketable securities............................ 20,000

Accounts receivable (net)..................... 160,000

Inventory............................................... 200,000

Total current assets............................ $430,000

Investments.............................................. 60,000

Plant and equipment................................ 600,000

Less: Accumulated depreciation........... (190,000)

Net plant and equipment....................... 410,000

Total assets.............................................. $900,000

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Current liabilities

Account payable................................... $90,000

Notes payable........................................ 70,000

Accrued taxes........................................ 10,000

Total current liabilities....................... 170,000

Long-term liabilities:

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Bonds payable....................................... 150,000

Total liabilities...................................... $320,000

Stockholders’ equity

Preferred stock, $50 per value.............. 100,000

Common stock, $1 par value................ 80,000

Capital paid in excess of par................. 190,000

Retained earnings.................................. 210,000

Total stockholders’ equity................. 580,000

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity. $900,000

SNIDER CORPORATIONIncome statement

For the Year Ending December 31, 2010Sales (on credit)................................................................................. $1,980,000

Less: Cost of goods sold............................................................... 1,280,000

Gross profit........................................................................................ 700,000

Less: Selling and administrative expenses.................................... 475,000*

Operating profit (EBIT).................................................................... 225,000

Less: Interest expense................................................................... 25,000

Earnings before taxes (EBT)............................................................. 200,000

Less: Taxes.................................................................................... 80,000

Earnings after taxes (EAT)................................................................ $ 120,000

*Includes $35,000 in lease payments.

3-36. Solution:

Snider Corporation

Profitability ratiosProfit margin = $120,000/$1,980,000 = 6.06%Return on assets (investment) = $120,000/$900,000 = 13.3%Return on equity = $120,000/$580,000 = 20.69%

Assets utilization ratios

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Receivable turnover = $1,980,000/$160,000 = 12.38xAverage collection period = $160,000/$5,500 = 29.09 daysInventory turnover = $1,980,000/$200,000 = 9.9xFixed asset turnover = $1,980,000/$410,000 = 4.83xTotal asset turnover = $1,980,000/$900,000 = 2.2x

Liquidity ratioCurrent ratio = $430,000/$170,000 = 2.53xQuick ratio = $230,000/$170,000 = 1.35x

Debt utilization ratiosDebt to total assets = $320,000/$900,000 = 35.56%Times interest earned = $225,000/$25,000 = 9xFixed charge coverage = $260,000/$60,000 = 4.33x

37. Ratio computation and analysis (LO2) Given the financial statements for Jones Corporation and Smith Corporation shown here:

a. To which one would you, as credit manager for a supplier, approve the extension of (short-term) trade credit? Why? Compute all ratios before answering.

b. In which one would you buy stock? Why?

JONES CORPORATION

Current Assets LiabilitiesCash.............................................. $ 20,000 Accounts payable................... $100,000Accounts receivable..................... 80,000 Bonds payable (long-term)..... 80,000Inventory...................................... 50,000

Long-Term Assets Stockholders’ EquityFixed assets.................................. $500,000 Common stock....................... $150,000

Less: Accumulated depreciation (150,000) Paid-in capital........................ 70,000Net fixed assets*.......................... 350,000 Retained earnings................... 100,000 Total assets............................... $500,000 Total liab. and equity........ $500,000

Sales (on credit).......................................................................................$1,250,000Cost of goods sold.................................................................................... 750,000Gross profit..............................................................................................500,000

Selling and administrative expense†......................................................257,000Less: Depreciation expense................................................................... 50,000

Operating profit........................................................................................193,000Interest expense........................................................................................ 8,000Earnings before taxes...............................................................................185,000

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Tax expense............................................................................................. 92,500Net income...............................................................................................$ 92,500

*Use net fixed assets in computing fixed asset turnover.†Includes $7,000 in lease payments.

SMITH CORPORATION

Current Assets LiabilitiesCash................................. $ 35,000 Accounts payable.................. $ 75,000Marketable securities...... 7,500 Bonds payable (long-term).... 210,000Accounts receivable........ 70,000Inventory......................... 75,000

Long-Term Assets Stockholders’ EquityFixed assets..................... $500,000 Common stock....................... $ 75,000

Less: Accum. dep.......... (250,000) Paid-in capital........................ 30,000Net fixed assets*............. 250,000 Retained earnings.................. 47,500

Total assets................. $437,500 Total liab. and equity........... $437,500

*Use net fixed assets in computing fixed asset turnover.

SMITH CORPORATIONSales (on credit).......................................................................................$1,000,000Cost of goods sold.................................................................................... 600,000Gross profit..............................................................................................400,000

Selling and administrative expense†......................................................224,000Less: Depreciation expense................................................................... 50,000

Operating profit........................................................................................126,000Interest expense........................................................................................ 21,000Earnings before taxes...............................................................................105,000Tax expense............................................................................................. 52,500Net income...............................................................................................$ 52,500

†Includes $7,000 in lease payments.

3-37. Solution:

Jones and Smith ComparisonOne way of analyzing the situation for each company is to compare the respective ratios for each. Examining those ratios which would be most important to a supplier or short-term lender and a stockholder.

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Jones Corp. Smith Corp.Profit margin 7.4% 5.25%Return on assets (investments) 18.5% 12.00%Return on equity 28.9% 34.4%Receivable turnover 15.63x 14.29xAverage collection period 23.04 days 25.2 daysInventory turnover 25x 13.3xFixed asset turnover 3.57x 4xTotal asset turnover 2.5x 2.29xCurrent ratio 1.5x 2.5xQuick ratio 1.0x 1.5xDebt to total assets 36% 65.1%Times interest earned 24.13x 6xFixed charge coverage 13.33x 4.75xFixed charge coverage calculation

(200/15) (133/28)

3-37. (Continued)

a. Since suppliers and short-term lenders are most concerned with liquidity ratios, Smith Corporation would get the nod as having the best ratios in this category. One could argue, however, that Smith had benefited from having its debt primarily long term rather than short term. Nevertheless, it appears to have better liquidity ratios.

b. Stockholders are most concerned with profitability. In this category, Jones has much better ratios than Smith. Smith does have a higher return on equity than Jones, but this is due to its much larger use of debt. Its return on equity is higher than Jones’ because it has taken more financial risk. In terms of other ratios, Jones has its interest and fixed charges well covered and in general its long-term ratios and outlook are better than Smith’s. Jones has asset utilization ratios equal to or better than

3-59


Smith and its lower liquidity ratios could reflect better short-term asset management, and that point was covered in part a.

Note: Remember that to make actual financial decisions more than one year’s comparative data is usually required. Industry comparisons should also be made.

SMITH CORPORATIONSales (on credit) .......................................... $1,000,000Cost of goods sold....................................... 600,000 Gross profit.................................................. 400,000 Selling and administrative expense.......... 224,000 Less: Depreciation expense....................... 50,000 Operating profit........................................... 126,000Interest expense........................................... 21,000 Earnings before taxes.................................. 105,000Tax expense................................................. 52,500 Net income................................................... $ 52,500

Includes $7,000 in lease payments.

COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM

Comprehensive Problem 1.

Lamar Swimwear (trend analysis and industry comparisons)(LO3) Bob Adkins has recently been approached by his first cousin, Ed Lamar, with a proposal to buy a 15 percent interest in Lamar Swimwear. The firm manufactures stylish bathing suits and sunscreen products.

Mr. Lamar is quick to point out the increase in sales that has taken place over the last three years as indicated in the income statement, Exhibit 1. The annual growth rate is 25 percent. A balance sheet for a similar time period is shown in Exhibit 2, and selected industry ratios are presented in Exhibit 3. Note the industry growth rate in sales is only 10 to 12 percent per year.

There was a steady real growth of 3 to 4 percent in gross domestic product during the period under study.

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Comprehensive Problem 1 (Continued)

Exhibit 1

LAMAR SWIMWEARIncome Sheet

201X 201Y 201ZSales (all on credit)............................................. $1,200,000 $1,500,000 $1,875,000Cost of goods sold............................................... 800,000 1,040,000 1,310,000Gross profit......................................................... $ 400,000 $ 460,000 $ 565,000Selling and administrative expense*................... 239,900 274,000 304,700Operating profit (EBIT)...................................... $ 160,100 $ 186,000 $ 260,300Interest expense................................................... 35,000 45,000 85,000Net income before taxes..................................... $ 125,100 $ 141,000 $ 175,300Taxes................................................................... 36,900 49,200 55,600Net income.......................................................... $ 88,200 $ 91,800 $ 119,700Shares.................................................................. 30,000 30,000 38,000Earnings per share............................................... $ 2.94 $ 3.06 $ 3.15

*Includes $15,000 in lease payments for each year.

Exhibit 2

LAMAR SWIMWEARBalance Sheet

Assets 201X 201Y 201ZCash.................................................................... $ 30,000 $ 40,000 $ 30,000Marketable securities.......................................... 20,000 25,000 30,000Accounts receivable............................................ 170,000 259,000 360,000Inventory............................................................. 230,000 261,000 290,000 Total current assets......................................... $ 450,000 $ 585,000 $ 710,000Net plant and equipment..................................... 650,000 765,000 1,390,000Total assets.......................................................... $1,100,000 $1,350,000 $ 2,100,000Liabilities and Stockholders’ EquityAccounts payable................................................ $ 200,000 $ 310,000 $ 505,000Accrued expenses............................................... 20,400 30,000 35,000 Total current liabilities.................................... $ 220,400 $ 340,000 $ 540,000Long-term liabilities........................................... 325,000 363,600 703,900 Total liabilities................................................ $ 545,400 $ 703,600 $ 1,243,900Common stock ($2 par)...................................... 60,000 60,000 76,000Capital paid in excess of par............................... 190,000 190,000 264,000Retained earnings................................................ 304,600 396,400 516,100 Total stockholders’ equity.............................. $ 554,600 $ 646,400 $ 856,100Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity............ $1,100,000 $1,350,000 $2, 100,000

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Exhibit 3

Selected Industry Ratios201X 201Y 201Z

Growth in sales................................... — 10.00% 12.00%Profit margin....................................... 7.71% 7.82% 7.96%Return on assets (investment)............. 7.94% 8.86% 8.95%Return on equity.................................. 14.31% 15.26% 16.01%Receivable turnover............................ 9.02X 8.86X 9.31XAverage collection period................... 39.9 days 40.6 days 38.7 daysInventory turnover.............................. 4.24X 5.10X 5.11XFixed asset turnover............................ 1.60X 1.64X 1.75XTotal asset turnover............................. 1.05X 1.10X 1.12XCurrent ratio........................................ 1.96X 2.25X 2.40XQuick ratio.......................................... 1.37X 1.41X 1.38XDebt to total assets.............................. 43.47% 43.11% 44.10%Times interest earned.......................... 6.50X 5.99X 6.61XFixed charge coverage........................ 4.70X 4.69X 4.73XGrowth in EPS.................................... — 10.10% 13.30%

The stock in the corporation has become available due to the ill health of a current stockholder, who is in need of cash. The issue here is not to determine the exact price for the stock, but rather whether Lamar Swimwear represents an attractive investment situation. Although Mr. Adkins has a primary interest in the profitability ratios, he will take a close look at all the ratios. He has no fast and firm rules about required return on investment, but rather wishes to analyze the overall condition of the firm. The firm does not currently pay a cash dividend, and return to the investor must come from selling the stock in the future. After doing a thorough analysis (including ratios for each year and comparisons to the industry), what comments and recommendations do you offer to Mr. Adkins?

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CP 3-1. Solution:Lamar Swimwear

201X 201Y 201ZGrowth in sales (Company) 25% 25%

(Industry) 10% 12%Profit margin (Company) 7.35% 6.12% 6.38%

(Industry) 7.71% 7.82% 7.96%Return on assets (Company) 8.02% 6.80% 5.70%

(Industry) 7.94% 8.68% 8.95%Return on equity (Company) 15.90% 14.20% 13.98%

(Industry) 14.31% 15.26% 16.01%Receivable turnover (Company) 7.06x 5.79x 5.21x

(Industry) 9.02x 8.86x 9.31xAverage collection period

(Company) 51.0 days 62.2 days 69.1 days(Industry) 39.9 days 40.6 days 38.7 days

Inventory turnover (Company) 5.22x 5.75x 6.47x(Industry) 4.24x 5.10x 5.11x

Fixed asset turnover (Company) 1.85x 1.96x 1.35x(Industry) 1.60x 1.64 1.75x

Total asset turnover (Company) 1.09x 1.11x 0.89x(Industry) 1.05x 1.10x 1.12x

Current ratio (Company) 2.04x 1.72x 1.31x(Industry) 1.96x 2.25x 2.40x

Quick ratio (Company) 1.00x .95x 0.78x(Industry) 1.37x 1.41x 1.38x

Debt to total assets (Company) 49.58% 52.12% 59.23%(Industry) 43.47% 43.11% 44.10%

Times interest earned

(Company) 4.57x 4.13x 3.06x(Industry) 6.50x 5.99x 6.61x

Fixed charge coverage

(Company) 3.50x 3.35x 2.75x(Industry) 4.70x 4.69x 4.73x

Growth in E.P.S. (Company) ---- 4.1% 2.9%(Industry) ---- 10.1% 13.3%

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CP 3-1. (Continued)

Discussion of Ratios

While Lamar Swimwear is expanding its sales much more rapidly than others in the industry, there are some clear deficiencies in their performance. These can be seen in terms of a trend analysis over time as well as a comparative analysis with industry data.

In terms of profitability, the profit margin is declining over time. This is surprising in light of the 56.25 percent increase in sales over two years (25 percent per year). There obviously are no economies of scale for this firm. Higher costs of goods sold and interest expense appear to be causing the problem. The return-on-asset ratio starts out in 201X above the industry average (8.02 percent versus 7.94 percent) and ends up well below it (5.70 percent versus 8.95 percent) in 201Z. The decline of 2.32 percent for return on assets is serious, and can be attributed to the previously mentioned declining profit margin as well as a slowing total asset turnover (going from 1.09x to 0.89x).

Return on equity is higher than the industry average the first year, and then also falls far below it. This decline is particularly significant in light of the progressively larger debt that the firm is using. High debt utilization tends to contribute to high return on equity, but not in this case. There is simply too much deterioration in return on assets translating into low return on equity.

The previously mentioned slower turnover of assets can be analyzed through the turnover ratios. A problem can be found in accounts receivable where turnover has gone from 7.06x to 5.21x. This can also be stated in terms of an average collection period that has increased from 51 days to 69.1 days. While inventory turnover has been and remains superior to the industry, the same cannot be said for fixed asset turnover. A decline from 1.85x to 1.35x was caused by an increase in 113.8 percent in fixed assets (representing $740,000). We can summarize the discussion of the turnover ratios by saying that despite a 56.25 percent increase in sales, assets grew even more rapidly causing a decline in total asset turnover from 1.09x to 0.89x.

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CP 3-1. (Continued)

The liquidity ratios also are not encouraging. Both the current and quick ratios are falling against a stable industry norm of approximately two to one and one to one respectively.

The debt to total assets ratio is particularly noticeable in regard to industry comparisons. Lamar Swimwear has gone from being only 6.11 percent over the industry average to 15.13 percent above the norm (59.23 percent versus 44.10 percent). Their heavy debt position is clearly out of line with their competitors. Their downtrend in times interest earned and fixed charge coverage confirms the heavy debt burden on the company.

Finally, we see that the firm has a slower growth rate in earnings per share than the industry. This is a function of less rapid growth in earnings as well as an increase in shares outstanding (with the sale of 8,000 shares in 201Z). Once again, we see that the rapid growth in sales is not being translated down into significant earnings gains. This is true in spite of the fact that there is a very stable economic environment.

Investment Comments:

He would probably have difficulty justifying such an investment based on the performance of the firm. There are no dividend payouts, so return to the investor would have to come in the form of capital appreciation if and when he was able to resell the shares. The prospects, at this point, would not appear to justify the purchase. This is particularly true when one considers that Mr. Adkins would be buying a minority interest (15%) and would not have control of the firm.

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Comprehensive Problem 2

Sun Microsystems (trends, ratios stock performance) (LO3) Sun Microsystems is a leading supplier of computer related products, including servers, workstations, storage devices, and network switches.

In the letter to stockholders as part of the 2001 annual report, President and CEO Scott G. McNealy offered the following remarks:

Fiscal 2001 was clearly a mixed bag for Sun, the industry, and the economy as a whole. Still, we finished with revenue growth of 16 percent—and that’s significant. We believe it’s a good indication that Sun continued to pull away from the pack and gain market share. For that, we owe a debt of gratitude to our employees worldwide, who aggressively brought costs down— even as they continued to bring exciting new products to market.

The statement would not appear to be telling you enough. For example, McNealy says the year was a mixed bag with revenue growth of 16 percent. But what about earnings? You can delve further by examining the income statement in Exhibit 1. Also, for additional analysis of other factors, consolidated balance sheet(s) are presented in Exhibit 2 on page 92.

1. Referring to Exhibit 1, compute the annual percentage change in net income per common share-diluted (second numerical line from the bottom) for 1998–1999, 1999–2000, and 2000–2001.

2. Also in Exhibit 1, compute net income/net revenue (sales) for each of the four years. Begin with 1998.

3. What is the major reason for the change in the answer for Question 2 between 2000 and 2001? To answer this question for each of the two years, take the ratio of the major income statement accounts to net revenues (sales).

Cost of salesResearch and developmentSelling, general and administrative expenseProvision for income tax

4. Compute return on stockholders’ equity for 2000 and 2001 using data from Exhibits 1 and 2.


In 2009, Sun Microsystems was acquired by Oracle Corporation.

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Exhibit 1

SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC.Summary Consolidated Statement of Income (in millions)

2001 2000 1999 1998Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars

Net revenues................................................ $18,250 $15,721 $11,806 $9,862Costs and expenses:

Cost of sales..................................................................... 10,041 7,549 5,670 4,713

Research and development..................................................................... 2,016 1,630 1,280 1,029

Selling, general and administrative..................................................................... 4,544 4,072 3,196 2,826

Goodwill amortization..................................................................... 261 65 19 .4

In-process research and development..................................................................... 77 12 121 176Total costs and expenses............................. 16,939 13,328 10,286 8,748Operating Income........................................ 1,311 2,393 1,520 1,114Gain (loss) on strategic investments........... (90) 208 – –Interest income, net..................................... 363 170 85 48Litigation settlement................................... – – – –Income before taxes.................................... 1,584 2,771 1,605 1,162Provision for income taxes.......................... 603 917 575 407Cumulative effect of change

in accounting principle, net................................................................. (54) – – –

Net income.................................................. $ 927 $ 1,854 $ 1,030 $ 755Net income per common share—diluted.... $ 0.27 $ 0.55 $ 0.31 $ 0.24Shares used in the calculation of net income per common share—diluted........... 3,417 3,379 3,282 3,180

5. Analyze your results to Question 4 more completely by computing ratios 1, 2a, 2b, and 3b (all from this chapter) for 2000 and 2001. Actually the answer to ratio 1 can be found as part of the answer to question 2, but it is helpful to look at it again.What do you think was the main contributing factor to the change in return on stockholders’ equity between 2000 and 2001? Think in terms of the Du Pont system of analysis.

6. The average stock prices for each of the four years shown in Exhibit 1 were as follows:1998 11 1/4 1999 16 3/42000 28 1/22001 9 1/2

a. Computer the price/earnings (P/E) ratio for each year. That is, take the stock price shown above and divide by net income per common stock-dilution from Exhibit 1.

b. Why do you think the P/E has changed from its 2000 level to its 2001 level?

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A brief review of P/E ratios can be found under the topic of Price-Earnings Ratio Applied to Earnings per Share in Chapter 2.


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Exhibit 2

SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INCConsolidated Balance Sheets (in millions)

Assets 2001 2000Current assets:

Cash and cash equivalents...................................................................... $ 1,472 $ 1,849Short-term investments.......................................................................... 387 626Accounts receivable, net allowances of $410 in 2001 and

$534 in 2000....................................................................................... 2,955 2,690Inventories.............................................................................................. 1,049 557Deferred tax assets................................................................................. 1,102 673Prepaids and other current assets........................................................... 969 482

Total current assets.............................................................................. 7,934 6,877Property, plant and equipment, net............................................................ 2,697 2,095Long-term investments.............................................................................. 4,677 4,496Goodwill, net of accumulated amortization of $349 in 2001 and

$88 in 2000............................................................................................ 2,041 163Other assets, net......................................................................................... 832 521

$18,181 $14,152Liabilities and Stockholders’ EquityCurrent liabilities:

Short-term borrowings........................................................................... $ 3 $ 7Accounts payable................................................................................... 1,050 924Accrued payroll-related liabilities.......................................................... 488 751Accrued liabilities and other.................................................................. 1,374 1,155Deferred revenues and customer deposits.............................................. 1,827 1,289Warranty reserve.................................................................................... 314 211Income taxes payable............................................................................. 90 209

Total current liabilities........................................................................ 5,146 4,546Deferred income taxes............................................................................... 744 577Long-term debt and other obligations........................................................ 1,705 1,720

Total debt............................................................................................ $ 7,595 $ 6,843

Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity:

Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 10 shares authorized (1 share which has been designated as Series A Preferred participating stock): no shares issued and outstanding.............................................................

– –

Common stock and additional paid-in-capital, $0.00067 par value, 7,200 shares authorized; issued: 3,536 shares in 2001 and 3,495 shares in 2000... 6,238 2,728Treasury stock, at cost: 288 shares in 2001 and 301 shares in 2000......... (2,435) (1,438)Deferred equity compensation................................................................... (73) (15)Retained earnings....................................................................................... 6,885 5,959Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)..................................... (29) 75 Total stockholders’ equity....................................................................... 10,586 7,309

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$18,181 $14,1527. The book values per share for the same four years discussed in the preceding question were:

1998 $1.181999 $1.552000 $2.292001 $3.26

a. Compute the ratio of price to book value for each year.b. Is there any dramatic shift in the ratios worthy of note?

CP 3-2. SolutionSun Microsystems

1. Percentage change in net income per common share-diluted

1999 $ .31 2000 $ .55 2001 $ .271998 $ .24 1999 $ .31 2000 $ .55

$ .07 $ .24 $–.28+29.2% +77.4% –50.9%

2. Profit margin

1998 1999 2000 2001

7.66% 8.72% 11.79% 5.08%

3. Percent of net revenue

2000 2001

Net revenues $15,721 $18,250Cost of sales 7,549 48.02% 10,041 55.02%Research and

development 1,630 10.37 2,016 11.05S, G, and A 4,072 25.90 4,544 24.90Provision for

income taxes 917 5.83 603 3.30

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The main problem between 2000 and 2001 was the increase in cost of sales as a percentage of net revenue (48.02% to 55.02%).

CP 3-2. (Continued)

4. Return on stockholders’ equity

2000 2001

25.37% 8.76%

5.

2000 2001

1. 11.79% 5.08%

2.a. 13.1% 5.10%

2.b.

13.09% 5.08%

3.b.

25.37% 8.73%

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The main contributing factor to the decline in the return on stockholders’ equity (25.37% to 8.73%) was the decline in the profit margin (11.79% vs. 5.08%). The decrease in asset turnover (1.11 to 1.00) made a small contribution to the decline as did the decline in the debt ratio (48.4% to 41.8%).

CP 3-2. (Continued)

6.a. P/E = Stock price/net income per common share-diluted (EPS)

1998 1999 2000 2001

P/E 46.9 54.0 51.8 35.2

b. The sharp decline in performance caused investors to pay a lower multiple for the stock.

7.a. Price to book value = Stock price/book value

1998 1999 2000 2001

P/BV 9.53 10.81 12.45 2.91

b. Once again, the sharp fall off in price to book value between 2000 and 2001 can be attributed to the decline in performance (and the impact on the stock prices). Book value was going up, but the ratio declined sharply due to the declining stock prices.

W E B E X E R C I S E

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1. IBM was mentioned in the chapter as having an uneven performance. Let’s check this out. Go to its Web site www.ibm.com, and follow the following steps.

Select “About IBM” on the bottom of the page. Select “Investors” (US) on the next page on the right side. Select “Financial Snapshot” on the next page.

2. Click on “Stock Chart.” How has IBM’s stock been doing currently?

3. Click on “Financial Snapshot.” Assuming IBM’s historical Price/Earnings Ratio is 15, how does it currently stand?

4. Assuming its annual dividend yield is 2.5 percent, how does it currently stand?

5. Assuming IBM’s historical “LT (Long-term Debt/Equity) is 100 percent, how does it currently stand? Generally speaking, is that good or bad?

6. Assuming its historical return on assets is 10 percent, how does it currently stand? Generally speaking, is that good or bad?

Note: Occasionally a topic we have listed may have been deleted, updated, or moved into a different location on a Web site. If you click on the site map or site index, you will be introduced to a table of contents which should aid you in finding the topic you are looking for.

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http://www.ibm.com/

chap 3 solutions

Documents

assets ratio

thumb ratios

rapid turnover of assets

users of ratios

high return

total assets

overall return

profit marginasset turnover