challenges of resource efficiency karolina fras european commission – dg environment 21 october...
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Challenges of Resource Efficiency
Karolina Fras
European Commission – DG Environment
21 October 2009
1. Waste as a resource
2. Waste as a source of emissions
3. Waste as a tradable good
1. Waste as a resource
Leakage of resources outside EU (illegal shipments)
Untapped recovery potential + huge discrepancies between MS
Over 50% potentially recyclable waste disposed
Examples: Paper (56% replaces primary material, but 31 to 66% of wasted
recycling potential) Iron, steel (75% replaces primary material, but 15 to 52% of wasted
recycling potential) Bio-waste (37% replaces primary material, but 31 to 98% of wasted
recycling potential)
Current state of waste recovery in the EU
18 selected waste streams (85% of total waste in EU 27 in 2004)
46% recovered - 54% disposed
Highest recovery rates: Rubber & tyres Iron & steel, copper, lead Paper & cardboard
Lowest recovery rates: Bio-waste Plastics Textiles
Recycling, incineration and landfilling of municipal solid wastes in Europe
Source: EEA, 2007.
2. Waste and emissions
Consultancy Focus / scenario Additional potential in Mt CO2 equivalent saved
Oekopol Recycling MSW (WFD target) 88
Prognos Recycling MSW (WFD target) + 12 waste streams
140 – 230 Mt/year
(16 – 27% of EU Kyoto target)
FFact Energy from waste (40% in WtE) 45
EEA Decreased landfilling, increased recycling and energy recovery
85
3. Waste as a good
Limited supply of certain raw materials in EU
Dependence on imports
Market distortions and volatility
Where are we now?
Despite its maturity (30 years of waste framework Directive) the Community waste legislation is not implemented sufficiently well by all Member States and economic players:
Thousands of illegal landfills
More than 1 on 4 shipments of waste found to be illegal
Frequent infringement cases
Still high risk of damage to health and safety
Action? Legislation
revised WFD with its EOW criteria, waste hierarchy, separate collection and recycling targets
daughter directives on waste streams new legislation?...
Implementation key issue, in all MS WSR, Landfill and Waste Framework Directive as priorities EU Waste Agency?
Improved markets quality of recyclates (info, labelling, standards) transaction costs (exchange of info, facilitate search of business partners) stable supply of secondary raw materials (improve waste collection and management
schemes in MS) other?...
Revised Waste Framework Directive
and resource efficiency
Waste management hierarchy
Life cycle thinking
Clarification – streamlining definitions (recovery, recycling, waste, end-of-waste, by-products, etc)
Obligation of separate collection
New recycling targets
Focus on prevention
Elements promoting resource efficiency
Setting priorities with the 5-step Waste Hierarchy
• Order of priorities
• Moving waste management up the hierarchy
• Best environmental outcome
• Life-cycle approach
PREVENTION
PREPARING FOR REUSE
RECYCLING (COMPOSTING)
RECOVERY
DISPOSAL
By 2020, the preparing for re-use and recycling of:
50% by weight of at least paper, metal, plastic and glass from household and possibly other origins as far as these waste streams are similar to waste from households;
70% by weight of non-hazardous construction & demolition waste;
New recycling targets
New requirements concerning prevention: MS to establish waste prevention programmes;
Programmes to set out prevention objectives, describe prevention measures, determine qualitative and quantitative benchmarks or targets for waste prevention;
Indicators to be developed by the Commission;
Commission to create a system for sharing information on best practice regarding waste prevention and develop guidelines for MS;
New dimension of prevention
Other waste legislation
and resource efficiency
SOME TARGETS IN EU WASTE LEGISLATION
min recovery min recycling collection rate
Packaging 2008 60% 55%
Cars 2015 95% 85% 100%
Electronics 2006 70% 50% min 4 kg per inhabitant per year
Batteries2011
50% to 75% (efficiency)
2012 25%
2016 45%
Tyres 2006 0 landfill of tyres
Biowaste diverted from landfills
2006 reduction to 75% of the 1995 level
2009 reduction to 50% of the 1995 level
2016 reduction to 35% of the 1995 level
New targets 2015 Separate collection: at least paper/metal/plastic/glass
(WFD) 2020 50% household waste
2020 70% construction and demolition waste
What needs to be separately collected?
WFD: By 2015 separate collection shall be set up for at least the following:
paper, metal, plastic and glass. Bio-Waste Waste Oils Hazardous Waste
Other waste legislation: Batteries and accumulators WEEE ELV Packaging PCBc / PCTs Tyres (landfill ban as of 2003 for whole and 2006 for shredded)
Conclusion and outlook
Waste is one aspect of a broader concept of resource efficiency
Waste Framework Directive and other Community legislation provide means to achieve resource efficient EU economy
Implementation is a key to success, efforts need to be stepped up to improve it
