chala kenenisa,ophtha seminarppt
TRANSCRIPT
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RED EYE
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Seminar presentation by:- Health officer students(III year)
MODERATORS:DR. JAFAR KEDIR
DR. SISAY BEKELE04/11/23 RED EYE 2
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Objectives At the end of this presentation you should
know:
The approach to a patient with a red eye.
How to distinguish patients who must be referred
to an ophthalmologist from patients who can be
managed by the primary care clinician.
The management of the self limiting red eyes.
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Outline Approach to a patient with a RED EYE.
Brief discussion of DDx of RED EYE and
their managements.
Summary
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Introduction A "red eye" is a common presenting complaint.
Some patients need urgent ophthalmic referral
and treatment.
Vast majority can be treated by the primary care
clinician.
Conjunctivitis (allergic or viral) is probably the
most common cause of red eye in the community
setting.04/11/23 RED EYE 5
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Causes of Red eyeReferred to ophthalmologists
Manageable by primary care clinician
ACG Hyphema Hypopyon Iritis Infectious
keratitis Bacterial Viral
Conjunctivitis Eye lid disorders Subconjunctival
hemorrhage Corneal abrasion Corneal FB Episcleritis Dry eye syndrome
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History Duration
Unilateral/bilateral
Pain and its severity
Vision
Foreign body sensation
Photophobia
Trauma04/11/23 RED EYE 8
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Cont’d…Contact lens use
Discharge, other than tears, that
continues throughout the day
Previous treatments
Allergies or
Systemic diseases.
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General observation and P/EObjective foreign body sensation.
Objective photophobia.
Signs of rhinorrhea, lymphadenitis or other
URTIs.
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Ophthalmologic examination Visual acuity (in crude categories) Penlight examination
Eyelids and lacrimal sac Purulent discharge The pattern of redness and its appearance White spot, opacity or foreign body on the
cornea Hypopyon or hyphema Pupil reaction to light Pupil very small (1 to 2 mm) in size
Slit lamp biomicroscope04/11/23 RED EYE 11
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Cont’d… Severe pain is not
relieved with topical
anesthetics; topical
steroids are needed; or
the patient has vision
loss,
Copious purulent
discharge,
Corneal involvement,
Traumatic eye injury,
Recent ocular surgery,
Distorted pupil,
Herpes infection, or
Recurrent infections.
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Generally referral is necessary when:-
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Summary of how to Dx Red eye
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Con’t…
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Angle closure glaucomaIritisHyphemaHypopyonKeratitis (Infectious)
Bacterial Viral
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Causes of red eye needing referral:-
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Normal Aqueous flow
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1.Acute angle-closure glaucoma
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The iris root occludes the trabecular meshwork, completely obstructing drainage of aqueous fluid from the anterior chamber. The resulting rapid elevation of intraocular pressure requires urgent intervention to prevent permanent visual loss.
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cont’d…- Results in a sudden severe rise in IOP- May be acute and painful or chronic
asymptomatic
- Due to occlusion of anterior chamber angle- May cause permanent visual loss from optic
nerve damage
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Sign and symptomSymptoms:
Rapid unilateral loss of vision
Periocular pain and head ache
Red eye photophobia Nausea and vomiting
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Sign and symptom con’t…Signs
Marked conjunctival and ciliary injectionShallow AC and corneal edemaDecreased VAAqueous flare and cellVertically oval, fixed and semidilated pupilDilated iris blood vesselsSeverely elevated IOP (50-100) mmHgGonioscopy of the other eye shows occludable
angle
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Treatment Medical
Dimox po Pilocarpine eye drops
Stretch the peripheral iris and open the angle Oral acetazolamide
Reduce IOP by inhibiting aqueous fluid production Control inflammation - steroids / NSAIDs Surgery
Laser peripheral iridotomy Surgical peripheral iridectomy Trabeculectomy :- uncontrolled IOP, chronic
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2. Iritis(Anterior Uveitis) Inflammation of the Iris (anterior uveal tract) Is usually autoimmune and of unknown ethiology Can be a consequence of blunt trauma (traumatic iritis) or nontraumatic iritis is associated with certain diseases like
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Tuberculosis
Syphilis
Toxoplasma
Reactive arthritis Is often very similar to AACG in appearance
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Iritis con’t…Both conditions manifest with:-
Ciliary injection The cornea and AC marginally hazy from inflammatory cells The eye is moderately painful in the early stages of the condition.
There are two key differences based on IOP and Pupil size
In AACG the IOP becomes very high (50-80 mm Hg) rapidly In iritis the IOP is usually somewhat low; however, IOP can be elevated if there are a lot of inflammatory cells (flare) in the anterior chamber The iritic pupil is typically constricted and poorly reactive to light with posterior adhesions on the lens (synechiae), which may give the pupil an irregular shape
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C/FReddened eye, especially adjacent to the
irisDecreased visionPain in the eye or brow regionWorsened eye pain when exposed to
bright lightSmall pupil or irregular and reacts
poorly to lightBlurred visionHeadache
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Iritis Exams and TestsDx is confirmed by examining the eye with
a slit lamp Cells (WBC) and flare (particles of protein) in ACKeratic precipitates(KPs)
Clumps of inflamatory cells over cornea)
Ophtalmoscopy:-Normal vitreous and retina unless posterior
uveitisis involvedTopical anesthetics do not relieve the pain
associated with iritis
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TreatmentRule out inflamation of the posterior
segment of eye Topical steroidsDilating drops(Cycloplegics)
Relief painPrevent synechiae formation
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AACG Vs Iritis
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3. HyphemaIt is blood in the front
(anterior chamber)
It may appear as a reddish tinge/small pool of blood at the bottom of the iris or in the cornea.
A sign of significant blunt or penetrating trauma to the globe
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Hyphema con’t…Causes:-
Blunt /lacerating traumaIntraocular surgerySpontaneously
Iris melanoma, keratouveitis (e.g., herpes zoster) Leukemia Hemophilia, Use of substances that alter platelet or thrombin
function (e.g., ethanol, aspirin, warfarin)
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Traumatic hyphemaComplications of traumatic hyphema
Increased intraocular pressurePeripheral anterior synechiaeOptic atrophyCorneal bloodstainingSecondary hemorrhage, and accommodative
impairment
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Treatment It is important to identify and treat associated ocular
injuries, which often accompany traumatic hyphema. We recommend activity restriction (quiet ambulation)Medications
Cycloplegics, Systemic or topical steroids Antifibrinolytic agents, Analgesics and antiglaucoma medications Rigid shield.
Indications for surgical intervention include Presence of corneal blood staining Dangerously increased intraocular pressure despite maximum
tolerated medical therapy, among others.
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4. HypopyonIt is pus in the eye.It is a leukocytic exudate, seen in the anterior
chamber, usually accompanied byRedness of the conjunctiva and the
underlying episclera. Formation of the exudate w/c settles at the
bottom due to gravity.It is sight-threatening infectious keratitis or
endophthalmitis until proven otherwise.
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HypopyonEthiologies
Fungal:- Aspergillus and Fusariu
m sp.,Behcet'sdisease, Endophthalmitis, and
panuveitis/panophthalmitis
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5. KeratitisInflammation of the corneaInfectious causes:
Bacterial S.aureus,
P.aeruginosa,Staphylococcus, S.pneumoniae
Viral HSV
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- With red eye, photophobia, and foreign body sensation shows infectious keratitis.
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Risk factorsOvernight wear of contact lenses
It can occur in patients who do not wear contact lenses or who wear them on a daytime only basis.
Breakdown in local or systemic host defense mechanisms, including Dry ocular surfacesTopical corticosteroid use predispose to
bacterialImmunosuppression keratitis
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Signs and SymptomsSymptoms
PainFB sensationBlurred visionPhotophobia
SignsPerilimbal rednessReduction of visionDendritic ulcer (Viral)Corneal inflitrate(Bact, fungal)Fluorescein and Rosebengal
dye Pooling over the ulcer Dendrites/pseudodendrites Staining of devitalized cells
Hypopyon- in severe cases
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Herpetic keratitis
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TreatmentHerpes simplex dendritic ulcer
Topical acyclovir eye ointmentBacterial corneal ulcer
Broad spectrum antibioticsTake sample for culture and sensitivity test
Fungal KeratitisAntifungal ointments
NB: Steriods agravate viral and fungal corneal ulcer and keratitis so DON’T GIVE
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keratitis Iritis PACG
symptom Pain/photophobia
Pain/photophobia Severe pain
discharge watery watery watery
vision blurry blurry blurry
Hyperemia cilliary cilliary cilliary
Cornea altered altered steamy
Pupil +/-miosis miosis Mid dilated
IOP normal +/- normal elevated
Table 1. DDx of Red Eye
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Red eye manageable by primary care clinician
ConjunctivitisBlepharitis Subconjunctival haemorrhageCorneal abrasionCorneal FBEpiscleritis Dry eye syndrome
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1. Conjunctivitis Commonest cause of red eye and most
common infectious eye disease Cause:-infectious e.g viral,bacterial,clamidial -noninfectious e.g allergic Symptoms:
FB or gritting sensation, Signs: swollen eye lids,
matted lashes, ocular hyperemia (diffuse)
Etiology: Staphylococcus, pneumococcus, or hemophillus
Transmission: Finger, fomites and flies
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis Acute bacterial conjunctivitis -caused by direct eye contact with infected
secretionsSymptoms and Signs <3-4 wksAcute onset of redness ,grittness,burning and
mucopurulent dischargeUsually bilateralOn waking the eyelids are frequently stuck
together and difficult to open.Cause;-S.aureus in adults S.pneumonai & H.influenza in children
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Clinical features: Conjunctiva injection Mucopurulent discharge Crusted eyelid margin eyelid edema
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Cont’d …
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Cont’d … Diagnosis:
Clinical Gram stain &Culture
Neonates or immunocompromised hosts Severe purulent discharge Cases unresponsive to initial RX
Treatment Most are self limited but antibiotics speed
recovery and prevent recurrence1. Drops: CAF, ciprofloxacin or other
fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, tobramycin, 2. Ointments: CAF, genta, TTC, erythromycin…
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Cont’d …
Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis -Sign & symptom-persistes for at least 4
wks with frequent relapses.Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis -Infection has sudden onset & progress
rapidly leading to corneal perforation Ophthalmia Neonatorum
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Ophthalmia NeonatorumInflammation of the conjunctiva within one
month of lifePurulent/mucoid discharge one or both eyes
Cause Chemical(silver nitrate) Chlamydia trachomatics Neisseria gonorrhea Staph aureus, Staph. Epidermidis, Strept.
Pneumoniae/viridans, gram negatives Herpes simplex
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Ophthalmia NeonatorumChlamydial trachomatis (developed countries)Neisseria gonorrhea (developing countries)?
Rx Choice of antibiotic same as adults except systemic
Tetracyclines are contraindicated in neonatesProphylaxis
1% Tetracycline 0.5% Erythromycin
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Viral conjunctivitisAvoid unnecessary treatment with antibiotics
and wrong use of steroids.Adenovirus (3,8,19) common cause of acute
follicular conjunctivitis (PCF)Herpes simplex conjunctivitis.Signs and Symptoms: pain, photophobia,
tearing, edema of the lids, chemosis, hyperemia, sub epithelial infiltrates, +/- fever, sore throat and LAP
Treatment: Cold compresses
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Cont’d …Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis the most common external ocular viral
infection that may be sporadic or occur in epidemics in hospitals , schools and factories
o Transmission-by respiratory or ocular secretion and dissemination is by contaminated equipment such as towels , tonometer head
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Cont’d …Presentation is usually with unilateral
watering , redness , discomfort and photophobia
Eyelid oedema and tender pre-auricular LAPSevere infection may result in conjunctival
hemorrhage
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Allergic conjunctivitis Often associated with atopic disease such as
allergic rhinitis, eczema, asthma. two types:
1. Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis– Onset during summer and spring– Allergens are tree and grass
pollens2. Perennial allergic conjunctivitis
– Symptomatic throughout the year– Allergens are house dust mites,
animal dander…04/11/23 RED EYE 51
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Cont’d…
TreatmentRemove the allergen if identified h1 receptorantagonist -(Azalastine,emedastine)Mast cell stabilizers (sodium
cromoglycate, nedocromil, lodoxamide)
Antihistamines (levocabastine, epinastine…)
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Allergic conjunctivitis
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Condition Signs Symptoms Causes
Viral conjunctivitis Normal pupil size
&rxn to light Diffuse conjunctiva injection,Preauricular LAP
Mild to no pain, diffuse hyperemia, mild itching, watery to serous discharge,
Adenovirus Enterovirus, HSV,influenza
Bacterial (acute & chronic) conjunctivitis
Eyelid edema, conjunctival injunction,no corneal involvement
Mild to moderate pain, purulent discharge, mucopurulent secretion with bilateral glued eyes
In children;-S.pneumoniae H. InfluenzaIn adultsS.aureus
Allergic conjunctiva injunction, no corneal involvement, large cobblestone papillae under upper eyelid, chemosis
Bilateral eye involvement, painless tearing, intense itching, diffuse redness, watery discharge
Airborne pollens dust mites, animal dander, ethers
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Table 2. Summary of conjuctivitis
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2. Eyelid disorders Blepharitis:Is a chronic inflammatory condition of eye lid
marginsclassification Anterior bleferitis Posterior bleferitis
Chronic Anterior blepharitis It is inflammation around the base of eyelashes It is staphylococcal or seborrhoeic Symptoms
Burning, grittiness, mild photophobia Symptoms worsen in the morning
Treatment Lid hygiene Antibiotics Weak topical steroid
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Cont’d …Posterior blepharitis
It is caused by meibomian gland dysfunction Bacterial lipase results in formation of free fatty
acid Symptoms
Similar to anterior blepharitis signs
Erythema and telangiectasia of posterior lid margin Oily and foamy tear Frothy discharge on lids
Treatment Lid hygiene Systemic tetracycline Topical steroids
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Cont’d…
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3. Subconjunctival hemorrhage It is spontaneous
subconjucitival haemorrhage• usually no symptoms; pointed
out by observer• blood red patch on eye• spontaneous or associated with
coughing, sneezing, and staring Management
• Eliminated trauma• Ask about medication such as
asprin, or warfarin• Reassure the pt that it will take
about two weeks to resolve
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4. Corneal abrasion It is a defect in epithelial surface of cornea
that is caused by mechanical trauma to the surface of the eye
Classification:- traumatic corneal abrasion foreign body related abrasion contact lens related abrasion
Treatment Supportive care Cycloplegics(atropin,cyclopentolase) Pain control(NSAIDS) Topical antibiotics Eye paches04/11/23 RED EYE 59
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Figure : Linear corneal abrasions stained with fluorescein.04/11/23 RED EYE 60
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5. Corneal foreign bodiesAre extremely common and cause irritation.
Leukocytic infiltration.
Secondary infection and corneal ulceration.
Mild secondary uveitis is common with
irritative miosis and photophobia.
Ferrous foreign bodies→rust staining of the
bed of the abrasion.
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Figure : Corneal foreign body04/11/23 RED EYE 62
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Cont’d…Rx:
1. The foreign body is removed under slit-lamp visualization.
2. Magnetic removal may be useful for a deeply embedded metallic foreign body.
3. A residual 'rust ring' is easiest to remove with a sterile 'burr'. if available.
4. Antibiotic ointment is instilled together with a cycloplegic and/or ketorolac to promote comfort.
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Tips in corneal foreign bodies Any discharge, infiltrate or significant uveitis,
should raise suspicion of secondary bacterial
infection and be managed as for a corneal ulcer.
Metallic foreign bodies are often sterile due to
acute rise in temperature during transit through
the air but organic and stone foreign bodies,
however, carry a higher risk of infection.
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6. Dry eye(keratoconjunctivitis sica)Its Cause;-decreased tear productionAssociated with:-
increased ageFemale sex medication(e.g anticholinergic)
Treatment Application of artificial tearUse of well fitting eye glasses with side shields Cyclosporine ophthalmic drops
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7. EpiscleritisEpiscleritis: an acute inflammation of
subconjuctival episcleral tissue.Sign and symptom:
Tearing, photophobia, and tenderness. Localized episcleral(s/c) hyperemia.
Treatment: Self-limiting but NSAID and Corticosteroids.
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Episcleritis
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8. Scleritis
It is a severe inflammation of sclera may result in melting and perforation.
Associated with systemic diseases such as RA and other connective diseases.
Sign and Symptoms: Severe pain aggravated with ocular motility. Hyperemia, tenderness and +/- fever, arthralgia.
Treatment: medical evaluation, corticosteroids, NSAID and immunosupressants.
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condition sign symptoms cause
Dry eye(keratoconjuctivitis sicca)
hyperemia, no corneal involvement
mild pain, intermittent excessive watering
Imbalance in any tear component,medication
Blepharitis Danbroff-like scaling on eyelashes, swollen eyelids,
Red, irritated eye that worse up on walking, crusted eyelids
Staphylococcal infection
Corneal abrasion
Reactive miosis,corneal edema or haze, normal anterior chamber, visual acuity depends on position of abrasion
Unilateral or bilateral sever eye pain, red watery eyes, photophobia, foreign body sensation
Direct injury from an object(e.g finger, paper,stick) contact lenses
Subconjuctival hemorrhage
bright red patch on white sclera, no corneal involvement
Mild to no pain, no vision disturbance no discharge
Spontaneous cause HTN, sever coughing, straining, bleeding disorders,blunt eye trauma
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Table 3. Summary of DDx of red eye
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summaryCause of red eye can be diagnosed through
detailed patients history & careful eye examination
Treatment is based on underlying etiologyRecognizing the need for emergent referral
to an ophthalmologist is key in the primary care management of red eye
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References Uptodate 19.3
Kanski clinical ophthalmology, a
systematic approach, 6th edition.
American Family Physician, Volume 81,
Number 2, January 2010.
(www.aafp.org/afp)
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