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A CULTURAL PROFILE

Chad

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Chad

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chad to Canada 2

Landscape and Climate 3

A Look at the Past 4

Family Life 5

The World of Work 6

Sports and Recreation 7

Looking at Health Care 8

Communicating with the Chadians 9

Eating the Chadian Way 10

Learning in Chad 11

Spirituality 12

Holidays 13

Arts and Literature 14

If You Want to Learn More 15

Writer

Brahm Rosensweig

Printer

University of Toronto Press

Photo Credits

Embassy of the Republic of Chad

In preparing this profile, AMNI has made every effortto use reliable sources of information and to reconcile the

views of different groups within the country.

Published by Anti-Racism, Multiculturalism and Native Issues (AMNI) Centre, Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 2001.

This project was funded by OntarioAdministration of Settlement andIntegration Services (OASIS), Citizenshipand Immigration Canada (CIC).Articlesmay be reprinted unless otherwiseindicated. Opinions expressed in thispublication are not necessarily CICs.

This cultural profile is designedprimarily for volunteers working inorganized HOST Programs, whichmatch newcomers with volunteerswho offer friendship, orientation to the

community and an opportunity topractise English or French, if needed.

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CHAD TO

CANADA

Every year thousands of peoplefrom all over the world come toCanada to begin a new life.Theyarrive with many different skills and

with the hope of contributing to theirnew society.This cultural profile waswritten to help Canadians welcomenewcomers from Chad to Canada.It will tell you about Chadian cultureand what life is like in Chad.Thisinformation will be useful if you arehosting a Chadian family as part ofthe HOST program, learning aboutChad in school or working withChadian colleagues who haverecently arrived in Canada.

Like all recent immigrants, Chadiansmay find aspects of their new homeunfamiliar.They will have questionsabout health care, employment,housing, school and even shopping.You can help by answering their

questions.Not only will yourhelp make their adjustment to lifein Canada easier, you will alsodiscover that you can learn a greatdeal from your new friends.

Because Chad is a former Frenchcolony and many of its citizensspeak French, most immigrantsfrom Chad who come to Canadalive in Quebec.There is also a smallChadian community in Ontario.

The people of Chad include morethan a hundred distinct ethnicgroups, each with its own languageand customs. Although this bookletgives a general picture of life inChad, it cannot describe everycultural group in Chad and does notcover all facets of life in the country.The customs described may notapply in equal measure to allnewcomers from Chad.

Did you know?

Chad is named after Lake Chad,which is the fourth largest lake in

Africa and the seventh largest

in the world. It is an extremely

shallow lake that has no outlet to

the sea and its shoreline changes

every year as parts of it dry up.

Official Name: Republic of Chad

Capital City: NDjamena

Type of Government: Republic

Population: 8 million

Area: 1.2 million sq. km

Major Ethnic Groups: Gorane, Arab, Sara

Official Languages: French, Arabic

Religions: Islam, Christianity, indigenous beliefs

Unit of Currency: Communaut Financire Africaine (CFA) franc

National Flag: Three vertical stripes of blue, yellow

and red

Date of Independence: August 11, 1960

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A LOOK AT

THE PAST

The earliest known inhabitants ofChad were the Sao people, who

built walled cities in the areasoutheast of Lake Chad in about500 B.C.Beginning in 800 A.D.,people from north Africa migratedinto the area.

The Kanem empire was establishedin the northern part of present-dayChad by a federation of nomadicpeoples in about 1000 A.D. Its rulerwas known as the Mai and wasconsidered divine. During the 10th

century, the Islamic religion spreadthroughout the empire. In the 13th

century, the kingdom established acapital at Njimi, northeast of LakeChad. The capital was moved toBornu, on the western edge of LakeChad, at the end of the 14th century.The Kanem-Bornu empire, as itbecame known, reached the heightof its power and influence duringthe reign of Mai Idris Aluma, at theend of the 16th century.

The principality of Baguirmi wasformed in an area to the southwestof the Kanem-Bornu empire in the16th century. It became powerful

in the 17th century and tried

unsuccessfully to expand into theterritory of Kanem-Bornu.At thesame time, northeast of Baguirmi,an Arabic-speaking sultanate,Ouadda, was established. Inthe early 19th century it began toexpand under the leadership ofSultan Mohammed Sharif, takingover Baguirmi and attackingKanem-Bornu.

When the European colonial

powers sought to colonize Africain the 19th century, Chad was oneof the last regions to be conquered.The French invaded from Congo,to the south, where they were wellestablished. They encountered anarmy led by Rabah Fadlallah, aformer slave who had become apowerful military leader and hadsubjugated Baguirmi and Kanem-Bornu. In 1900, Rabahs forceswere defeated by a Franco-Baguirmi alliance in the battleof Kousseri (in present-dayCameroon).

During the early 20th century, theFrench colonized the south of Chad

and, in 1920, sent the French

Foreign Legion to conquer thenorthern territories. They forced theinhabitants to grow cotton. Becausemost of the arable land was usedto grow cotton, the people sufferedfood shortages. Many people diedfrom famines and the harshconditions of forced labour.

Forced labour was abolished in1946 and Chadians were declaredFrench citizens. Chadians elected

a Territorial Assembly and sentdelegates to the French NationalAssembly. Universal suffrage wasintroduced in 1956. In 1960, Chadbecame an independent country,but Francois Tombalbaye, Chadsfirst leader after independence,was unable to unite the countrysvarious groups. In 1975 he waskilled in a military coup dtat.For many years, the country wastorn by a civil war in which manythousands of Chadians died, untila military leader called Idriss Dbyseized power in 1990. In 1996,Dby won a widely contestedpresidential election and becameconstitutional president of Chad.

Did you know?

Chad australopithecineis a

type of early hominid identified

from the remains of a single

body found in 1960 at Koro Toro

in southeast Chad.The remains

were found close by the teeth of

an extinct elephant and are

thought to be 200,000 to

500,000 years old.

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THEWORLD

OFWORK

Although Chads economy is basedlargely on agriculture, only about2% of the total land area of Chadis considered arable. About 10%is forested and more than one-third

can be used to pasture livestock.In the arid northerly regions, peopletend small plots irrigated by wellsand springs.The southern region,with its rivers, floodplains and rainyseason, is the most productivepart of the country.

Since the arrival of the French,cotton has dominated theagriculture of Chad; it is still themost important agricultural export.

Chad is the second largestproducer of cotton in Africa, afterEgypt. Sorghum and millet are theprimary food crops. Other cropsinclude corn, rice, wheat, tobacco,cassava, peanuts, legumes and

vegetables. Many families growsubsistence crops as well as cashcrops. The country also exportsanimal hides and livestock.

There are three main types of land

ownership in Chad. The first iscollective ownership by villages.Lands belong to an entire villageand are under the management ofthe village chief. The second isprivate ownership. Small plots

cultivated in dry river beds oroases may be owned by anindividual or a family. The third isgovernment ownership. Largeplantations, watered by irrigation

projects, are usually state owned.Along the southeastern shore ofLake Chad, polders (fields createdby building dykes beside lakes andrivers) have been made to growwheat and corn.

In the northern Saharan region,Gorane life centres on herdinglivestock, the major source ofincome. In oases, the Goranecultivate dates, garden vegetables,

legumes and some grains. In a fewplaces, the Gorane also mine saltand natron (a salt-like substanceused for medicinal purposesand for livestock).

There are some small industriesin Chad. Chadians refine sugarand manufacture beer, cottontextiles and cottonseed oil. Chadseconomic future may be affectedby the exploitation of its oildeposits. The Doba oil field projectin southern Chad has raisedhopes for the countrys economy,but has drawn opposition becauseof its perceived ecological andsocial impact.

Did you know?

Chad is the worlds second

largest supplier of gum arabic,

after Sudan. Gum arabic

comes from certain species

of the acacia tree and is an

ingredient in foods, soft drinks,

pharmaceuticals and glues.

Did you know?

In villages throughout the country,markets are held on the same day

each week and are important

events for villagers and often the

focus of the weeks activity.

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SPORTS AND

RECREATION

Soccer is the most popular sportin Chad. Chadians avidly followtheir national teams performanceagainst other African nationsand in World Cup games. Childrenplay soccer whenever they getthe chance. Many Chadiansoccer players have played forFrench teams. NambatingueTokomon, known as Toko, playedfor renowned French soccer clubs,including Paris St. Germain, inthe 1970s and 1980s. AbdoulayKarateka also played for ParisSt. Germain. Ndoram Japhetplayed for Nantes and Monacoin the 1990s.

Basketball is widely played inthe cities. Many Chadians haveexcelled as runners and high

jumpers. Idriss Mahamat Ouya, a

Chadian athlete, made his markinternationally as a high jumper.Today a large sports stadium in

NDjamena is named after him.Boxing and martial arts areincreasingly popular in the cities.Some Chadians living near LakeChad and the rivers Logone andChari enjoy spending their sparetime fishing.

Chadians throughout thecountry enjoy freestyle wrestling.Matches often take place whentwo groups meet to water their

cattle. Participants from the twogroups pair off according to age.Combatants traditionally dress inanimal hides and cover themselvesin dust before attempting to pineach other down. Among theSara Kaba tribe of southernChad, this type of wrestling isknown as mbil.

Children in Chad often build theirown toys or play with everyday

objects. They like to push wheelsand tires around, often using

sticks. Hide-and-seek is popular,and village boys sometimes carryslingshots, which they use to hunt

small birds, such as guinea fowl.Girls play tap tap, a game muchlike hopscotch. Many people enjoyplaying checkers or a board gameplayed with seeds or small stonesknown as sidjin Arabic or agrainGorane.

Chadians enjoy visiting eachothers families. These visits areoccasions for drinking tea. In thenorth, green tea from Libya is

popular, while in the south, red teafrom Cameroon is common.

Did you know?

Young girls of the Teda people of

the Sahara play with dolls madeof mud or wood.The dolls do not

have facial features; instead,

little beads are placed in a

geometric pattern on the face of

the doll.The dresses and

ornaments on the dolls resemble

those of adult women.

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The official languages of Chadare French and Arabic, but not allChadians speak these languages.Many people in the south do notspeak Arabic, and in the north,many people do not speak French.Among the 200 ethnic groups andsubgroups in Chad, there are morethan 100 different languages.

French is most common in thecities, towns and larger villages;it is the working language ofgovernment and business. Arabicis more widely spoken in the northof the country. There are manyArabic dialects in Chad, includingseveral that are similar to LibyanArabic and others that resemblethe Arabic spoken in Sudan. Arabicis not only the language of Islams

holy book, the Quran, but thelanguage of commerce, spoken bytraders in marketplaces. ChadianArabic has become a commonlanguage for communicatingamong certain ethnic groups.

Greetings are of great importancein Chad.They may be long andelaborate and require a ritualizedresponse.The type of greeting

depends on the age of the personaddressed or the time of day. In

some cultures in the south, it isconsidered impolite to look directlyinto the eyes of older people orpeople with authority. Some groupsfeel that watching people while theyeat is disrespectful.

In many places, it is customary tooffer a gift to guests when theyarrive. In the north, this could be tea,dried okra powder or natron.The

right hand is used to shake hands,to eat and to give and receive gifts.The left hand is believed to be theunclean hand and is not used forthese activities.

English Sara Kaba Chadian Arabic

Yes Ayo Aye, Aiwa

No Aan-an La

Good morning Ndourouwo! Sabah al kheir

How are you? Ye nere? Kef halak?

I am fine Ye boulo Afia!

Thank you An Gain Shokran

Did you know?

La Voix du Paysan(The

Peasants Voice), which began

operating in 1997, is a private

radio station owned by the

Catholic Church. Located in

Doba, it broadcasts locally

produced programming,

including news coverage andpolitical commentary in French

and indigenous languages, over

a 220-kilometre range.

Did you know?

Of the four major language

families in Africa, three are

represented in Chad: the

Nilo-Saharan, the Afro-Asiatic

and the Congo-Kordofanian.

Only the Khoisan languages

of southern Africa are not

represented.

9

COMMUNICATING WITH

CHADIANS

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EATING THE

CHADIANWAY

The Chadian staple food is millet, agrain that can be eaten in a variety

of ways. It may be used to make apaste that is formed into balls anddipped into sauces. This is popularboth in the north, where it is calledaiyshin Chadian Arabic, and in thesouth, where it is known as biya.Millet is also made into pancakesthat are fried in oil. Sorghum,another type of grain, is also animportant staple. Rice is grown insome areas, but corn and wheatare scarce. Beef, chicken and

mutton are available in most partsof the country, particularly in thenorth, where livestock herding iscommon. Muslims do not eat pork,but pork is popular in NDjamenaand in southern Chad.

Fish abound in Chads lakes and

rivers.The most common fish isthe Nile perch, called capitaineinChad. Other fish include eel, tilapiaand carp. Balbout(a mud-dwellingcatfish) is caught at the beginningof the rainy season. Fish may bedried, salted or smoked beforethey are sold. Salanga(small driedor salted fish) and banda(largersmoked fish) are popular amongChadians and are exported toCameroon and Nigeria.

Okra is very popular in Chadand is used as the base of asauce called gumbo. The leavesof the cassava plant are anothercommon vegetable. Many fruitsgrow in the south, such asmangoes, guavas and bananas.In the arid north, dates and raisins,which grow in oases, are usedin many dishes.

Peanuts are a popular snackand are eaten raw or roasted.Other snacks include corn (roastedor boiled) and fangasou(frieddoughnuts made of millet or wheatflour). Fangasouare also popular

for breakfast. In some places,

skewered roasted meats in ahot, spicy sauce are sold on thestreets, accompanied by Frenchbread. Carcajeis a sweet drinkmade from hibiscus leaves. Itis often sold in markets in smallplastic bags.

The evening meal is the mostimportant meal of the day. It isserved on a large plate set inthe middle of a mat. People

gather around the plate andseat themselves on the ground.Generally, men and womeneat separately.

Dried Fish Gumbo

1 large onion, chopped

4 large tomatoes

2 tbsp oil

500 ml water

500 g dried salted fish

Salt and pepper or cayenne

to taste

1 package dried okra powder

In a medium-sized saucepan,

saut the onions and tomatoes in

the oil.Add the water and the

dried fish, cut into small pieces,

and add salt, pepper or cayenne

to taste.Let boil for 10 minutes,

then add the dried okra. Boil foranother 20 minutes and simmer

for another 15 minutes. Serve

hot, accompanied by rice

or millet.

Did you know?

For religious reasons, Muslims

do not drink alcohol. In the

south, however, people enjoy

beer brewed from millet. It is

calledbilli-billiwhen it is made

from red millet andcoshatewhen it is made from white

millet. Spirits made from

distilled millet alcohol are

known asarki. Gala beer is

also manufactured in Chad.

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LEARNING IN

CHADThe earliest schools in Chad wereQuranic schools.They are stillcommon throughout the Saharanand Sahel region.They teachArabic and the words of theQuran. The countrys first Quranicsecondary school was the coleMohammed Illech, which wasfounded in 1918 and followed anEgyptian educational model.

The first Western-style primaryschools were founded by Protestantand Catholic missionaries in the1920s in southern Chad. Thelanguage of instruction was French,at the request of the colonialauthorities. The only classes taughtin local languages were religionclasses. In 1925, the Frenchcolonial powers imposed a standardcurriculum on all primary schools in

Chad. Before 1942, there were nosecondary schools other than theQuranic schools. A few Chadians

attended secondary school in theRepublic of Congo.

When independence was declaredin 1960, the governmentannounced its goal of universalprimary education. The curriculumwas changed to reflect Chadian,rather than French, culture. Today,about one-half of school-agechildren attend school.

Children begin their schoolingat age six (in the north, they maybegin when they are eight).

Primary education lasts forsix years, at the end of whichstudents receive a certificate.The curriculum includes writing,reading, spelling, grammar, math,history, geography, science anddrawing.The school year runsfrom October to June.

After primary school, studentsmay attend a collgeor a lyce.The collgeoffers a four-year

vocational course, and the lyceoffers a seven-year programleading to university.Vocational

students who complete the four-year collgeprogram may takean examination to transfer to alyceto complete their education.At the end of seven years, lycestudents take a baccalaureateexam known as a bac, whichdetermines their eligibilityfor university.

The Universit du Tchad

opened in 1971. Industrialeducation is offered at severaltechnical institutes in Sarh,Moundou and NDjamena.Thecole Normale Suprieure inNDjamena offers degreeprograms in Arabic, English,geography, history, literatureand sciences.

Did you know?

Educational opportunities

for girls have traditionally

been more limited than those

for boys. Although about

equal numbers of girls and

boys are enrolled in primary

school, the number of girls

enrolled in secondary school

is very low, partly because of

early marriage.

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SPIRITUALITY

Three religious traditions coexistin Chad. About one-half of thepopulation is Muslim. MostMuslims live in the north and

central regions of the country.Muslim tribes in Chad includethe Arab, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa,Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala,Zaghawa, Hadjerai and Maba.In the south, some people followindigenous African religions,while others are Christian, eitherCatholic or Protestant. The non-Muslim people of Chad are mostlyinhabitants of southern Chad andinclude the Sara, Ngambaye,

Mbaye, Goulaye, Moudang,Moussei and Massa people.

Chadian Muslims have combinedmany pre-Islamic beliefs withIslam. Like many Islamic countries,Chadian Muslims often donot speak Quranic Arabic.Nevertheless, most people

observe the five main practicesof the Islamic faith, known as theFive Pillars of Islam. Shahadaisthe profession of faith. Every day,Muslims recite the words There isno God but Allah and Mohammedis His prophet. Salahis therequirement to pray five timesa day: at dawn, midday, mid-afternoon, sunset and evening.Zakatis the giving of alms to the

poor. Saumis the requirementto fast from dawn to dusk everyday during the holy month ofRamadan, the ninth month ofthe Islamic calendar. Hajjis thepilgrimage to Mecca, which mustbe performed at least once ina lifetime, if possible.

Chad has three Roman Catholicdioceses, with an archbishopat NDjamena. Most of ChadsRoman Catholics live close tothe border with Cameroon.They make up about 5% of thepopulation. Protestants live in thesouth. Although many Protestantmissionaries left Chad during the

civil war in the 1970s, a fewProtestant mission groups, suchas the Baptists, remain.

Traditional African religionsalso flourish in the south.Thesereligions honour a powerfulcreator god. However, peopledo not worship this god directly,

but pray to their ancestors tointercede on their behalf. Leadersare sometimes associated withdivine power and are responsiblefor good relations with thesupernatural forces. For example,among the Moundang people inthe area around Lr, the gonglere(leader) is responsible forcommunicating with the sky spirits.

Did you know?

NDjamenas Great Mosque

was built in the late 1970s and

is a dominant feature of the

city. NDjamena also has a

cathedral built by the French,

as well as ancient Sao ruins.

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HOLIDAYS

Both Christian and Muslimholidays are celebrated in Chad,in addition to some nationalholidays. Chadian IndependenceDay is celebrated on August 11with speeches, military paradesand flag-raising ceremonies.Most shops, businesses andoffices are closed for the day.Another important national holidaycommemorates the proclamation

of Chad as a republic onNovember 28, 1958. Every year,the country also marks the day thatthe present government ascendedto power; however, the date of thisholiday changes with each changeof government. InternationalWomens Day is celebrated withparades and special events.

Christmas, New Years Day, AllSaints Day and Easter Mondayare the main Christian holidays.

The date of Muslim holidays is notfixed and changes each year. Oneof the holiest Muslim celebrationstakes place at the end of themonth of Ramadan. DuringRamadan, Muslims are requiredto fast during daylight hours.When Ramadan ends, Muslimscelebrate with feasting duringEid al-Fitr. Another importantMuslim holiday is Eid al-Adha,sometimes known in Chad as

Tabaski. It commemorates the

willingness of Abraham tosacrifice his son to God. Eid al-Mauludcelebrates the birth of

the prophet Mohammed.

Local festivities vary dependingon the region and culture. Inthe south, during the monthsof October and November,people celebrate after the harvestis taken in and the rainy seasoncomes to an end. Many tribesmark the end of the period ofYondoor other initiation ritesby singing, dancing and drinking

millet beer.

Did you know?May 25 is African Liberation Day,

which commemorates the

founding in 1963 of the

Organization of African Unity

(OAU) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

This is a national holiday in Chad

and in many other African

nations, and is often celebrated

with sports contests and dances.

January 1 New Years Day

April 13 National Day

May 1 Labour Day May 25 Africa (Freedom) Day

August 11 Independence Day

November 1 All Saints Day

November 28 Republic Day

December 25 Christmas Day

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ARTS AND

LITERATURE

Chadian handicrafts includecarpets, woven mats, fabric,

jewellery, wool rugs, beads, leatherproducts and wood carvings.Calabashes (a type of gourd) areshaped and engraved to servemany household purposes andto make musical instruments.Thevillage of Gaoui, a short distancefrom NDjamena, is known for itsfine pottery. Generally, each villagehas its own distinctive shapes forwater jars and pottery.

Chadians enjoy listening to music.In the Sahel region, groups such asAfrican Melody and InternationalChallal have popularized music thatcombines traditional and electricinstruments. Tibesti, another well-known group, plays sai, a type ofmusic that draws on folkloricrhythms from the south of thecountry.Ahmed Pecos playsSudanese-inspired guitar music.

Clment Masdongar is a leading

Chadian musician and singer whoperforms in France.

Traditional Chadian instrumentsinclude trumpets made from goathorns, the kinde(a variety of bowharp), the kakaki(a tin horn thatcan be up to three metres long)and the hu hu(a stringedinstrument that uses calabashesas loudspeakers). The Sarapeople of the south use whistles,balaphones (an instrumentsimilar to a xylophone), a harp-likeinstrument and large kodjodrums.Kanembu music combines thesounds of a flute-like instrumentand drums, while Baguirmian

music features zithers and drums.Baguirmians also have a distinctivedance in which dancers wieldlarge grain-pounding pestlesand pretend to use them onanother dancer.

Chad has produced severalimportant writers.The tales ofJoseph Brahim Seid, includingAu Tchad sous les toiles(1962)and the autobiographical Un

enfant du Tchad(1967) areChadian classics. Baba Moustapha,who died in 1982 at the age of 30,left several notable works, one ofwhich, Le Commandant Chaka(published posthumously in 1983),denounces military dictatorships.Poetry is a popular form ofexpression in the north.

Live theatre in Chad is oftensatirical and performers poke funat people in the news. The CheikhAnta Diop theatre group is popularand performer Haikal Zakaria,who plays the characterCommandant Al Kanto, isoften featured on television.

Did you know?

Mahamat Salehs feature film

Bye Bye Africa, a Franco-

Chadian co-production about

a Chadian who returns to the

country, has been shown at

international festivals, including

the 2000 Toronto International

Film Festival.

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IFYOUWANT TO LEARN MORE

AZEVEDO, Mario, and Emmanuel U. NNADOZIE. Chad: A Nation in Search of its Future. Boulder, Colorado:Westview Press, 1998.

An in-depth look at Chads political history.

DECALO, Samuel. Historical Dictionary of Chad. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1997.

A comprehensive work on the history of Chad, which includes cultural information.

NEWTON, Alex. Central Africa: A Travel Survival Kit. Melbourne: Lonely Planet Press, 1994.

A travel guide that contains information on the history and culture of Chad.

Web Sites:

http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/chadhttp://www.bethany.com/profiles/c_code/chad.html

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Project Director

Usha George

Co-DirectorsWes Shera,

Esme Fuller-Thomson,Ka Tat Tsang

Editor

Philippa Campsie

Project Coordinator

Leny Prabhu

Project TeamRupa Amolik, Julita Javier,

David Shewchuk,Cathi Sutton, Tom Weir

Community ConsultantsAchek I.Abdoul, Adam I. Bichara,Adoum Koulbou, Yaya M. Saleh,Sougui Nour, Zenabou Tahirou,

Darnace Torou

User Group

Eileen Garber, Qaiser Khan,Cecelia Lee, Francis O'Toole,Peigi Rockwell,

Benjamin Schlesinger

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ISBN 0 7727 9102 3