Carbohydrates & Lipids

KEY WORDSDehydration Synthesis (Condensation)PolymerMonomerCarbohydrateSimple sugarComplex carbohydrateStarchGlycogenCelluloseLipidTriglycerideSaturated fatty acidUnsaturated fatty acidSteroidCholesterol

The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrate Types

• Hexose = 6 carbons Glucose –cell energy Fructose - honey Galactose – milk

• Pentose = 5 carbons Ribose - RNA Deoxyribose - DNA

1. SIMPLE SUGARSMonosaccharides - one sugar molecule

Linear and ring forms of glucose

Sucrose (sugar)Glucose + Fructose

Lactose (milk)Glucose + Galactose

Maltose (grains)Glucose + Glucose

Carbohydrate Types

2. SIMPLE SUGARSDisaccharides - two sugar molecule

How are disaccharides made?

Dehydration synthesis:

Examples of disaccharide synthesis

POLYSACCHARIDES:Long chains of monosaccharides

EXAMPLESStarch (amylose)GlycogenFiber (cellulose)Chitin

Carbohydrate Types

COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES

Starch

• Long-term energy storage of glucose for plants (roots, seeds)

• < 500,000 glucoses

Glycogen

Short term storagepolysaccharide for animals

• ~300g stored carbo in body

• 72g liver (glycogen)• 245g muscle (glycogen)• 10g blood (glucose)

Storage polysaccharides

ChitinString of modified glucose

Structural component of:Insects, Arthropods, fungi

Cellulose•Polymer of glucose•Structural material in plants - Fiber

•Cellulose

•Starch

•Monomers linked together differently than in starch•Why indigestible?

Starch verses Cellulose

• Glucose linked differently • Cellulose is not recognized by our digestive

enzymes• Some organisms (microbes) in the guts of

cows and termites do make enzymes that can digest cellulose

Starch and cellulose structures 

Starch and cellulose structures 

QUESTION

When you eat a starchy food, an enzyme in your mouth breaks it down into maltose. Maltose enters your small intestine, where it is broken down into glucose. The starch is a _________, the maltose is a ________, and the glucose is a(n):_________.

a) Protein dipeptide amino acidb) Monosaccharide disaccharide

polysaccharidec) Triglyceride fatty acid glycerold) Amino acid dipeptide proteine) Polysaccharide disaccharide

monosaccharide

Question

• Which of the following terms includes all others in the list?

A. MonosaccharideB. DisaccharideC. StarchD. CarbohydrateE. Polysaccharide

Question

• The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for 10 glucoses linked together?

LIPIDS

Three Major Groups of Lipids

• Oils, Fats, and Waxes

• Phospholipids

• Steroids (Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone, etc…)

Similarities of Fats and Oils

• All contain C, H, and O

• Usually no ring structures

• Made up of fatty acid subunits (long chain of carbons and hydrogen with a carboxyl end)

Triglycerides

• Fats and Oils have 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol (condensation)

The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol

Fatty Acid Subunits: FATS vs. OILS

• Solid at room temperature• From animal sources,

coco & palm• Saturated with hydrogens

• Liquid at room temp.• From plants• Unsaturated

Unsaturated

Polyunsaturated

Saturated

Types of Fatty acids

SaturatedUnsaturated

Unsaturated Fats

• Monounsaturated: One C=C – olive, canola, nut oils

• Polyunsaturated: More than one C=C– corn safflower, soy oils

• Hydrogenated: Oils made solid by breaking C=C bonds and replacing with H (Hydrogenation) – Partially hydrogenated - margarine

Phospholipids• One fatty acid chain (non-polar,

hydrophobic) of triglyceride replaced with a phosphate group (charged, hydrophilic)

• chief component of lipid bilayer, outer membrane of all cells

Phospholipids

Steroids

• Four fused rings of carbon

• steroid hormones: estrogen,

testosterone

• cholesterol: vital component of cell membranes

Cholesterol, a steroid    

Cholesterol•Body will make if not enough in diet•Part of lipid membrane around cells•Helps stabilize, strengthen membrane

The structure of a phospholipid

Phospholipid

Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments   

Question

• What is the difference between the two ring forms of glucose (alpha & beta)?

Question

• Human sex hormones belong to what family of lipids?

Question

• How many water molecules are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 100 monomers long?

Question

Unsaturated fats:

A. Are more common in animals than plantsB. Have double bonds in their carbon chainsC. Solidify at room temperatureD. Contain more H than saturated fats

having the same # of CE. Have fewer fatty acid chains

Next Time:

Macromolecules, Part Two

Proteins and Nucleic Acids