CH 7 History of Islamic World

7.1.4 Describe the historical origins, central beliefs, and spread of major religions. 7.1.7 Explain the influence of Muslim civilization on the growth of cities, the development of trade routes, political organizations and scientific and cultural contributions to other cultures of the time.

Arabia

Southwest corner of Asia

Climate- hot and dry air

Desert, windy, and sandy

Nomads in Arabia

Lived in tents and herded sheep

Traveled the desert in search of food and water

Tribes- a group of related people who traveled together or offered safety from strangers.

Muhammad

Born in Mecca around 570 AD

Came from an important family

Was a wealthy caravan business owner

Married Khadijah

Muhammad Becomes a Prophet 610 AD

Muhammad did not like the poor being neglected.

At the age of 40 went to a mountain was told to recite and write down the word of God.

Islam- the messages received from Muhammad by God.

Muslim- someone who follows the teachings of Islam.

Hira- The Cave

Islam Spreads

Treat the poor with kindness

Treat slaves with respect

Spiritual Rewards for those who do good deeds.

Qur’an- the holy book of Islam

Allah- which means “God”Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam is Monotheistic.

Reaction to Islam

Mecca rulers grew worried.

Threatened to kill Muhammad due to it growing and its popularity.

In 622 Muhammad and his followers moved to Medina- which means prophet’s city.

The Hegira- the journey from Mecca to Median. This became an important date in 622AD

622- the first year of the Islamic calendar

Mosque- a building for Muslim prayer.

The Journey

Muhammad Influence

Spiritual and political

Muhammad dies in 632 AD

Islam spreads past the Arabian Peninsula

More than One Billion Muslims Today

Indonesia 210 Million

Pakistan 155 Million

India 145 Million

China 140 Million

Bangladesh 123 Million

Section 2 Islamic Beliefs and Practices

The Qur’an- Islam’s Holy Book, believed to be direct word and teaching from God.

Beliefs- There is only one God.

God will judge all people.

The good will live in paradise.

The bad will suffer.

Rules for Worship

Don’t eat pork or drink alcohol

Do ritual washing before praying

Practices and Beliefs

Jihad-which means “to make an effort, or to struggle.

Hadith- reports of Muhammad’s deeds and sayings. Written down by followers.200 years after his death.

Sunnah-Muhammad’s example for the duties and way of life expected of Muslims.

Other Books:

Five Pillars of Islam

1. Statement of Faith

2. Daily prayer five times of day facing Mecca.

3. Yearly donation to chairity

4. Fasting during Ramadan

5. Pilgrimage to Mecca

Most Sacred Place

Mecca-birth place of Muhammad

The Hajj-A trip every MuslimMust make in theirLifetime.

Pg 178-179

Kaaba

Walk seven times around structure.

Hajar al Aswad- black stone which pilgrims touch as they walk by.

Ramadan

Holiday that Muslims celebrate. They will not eat or drink anything between dawn and sunset for a month.9th Month in the Islamic Calendar

Shariah

Laws designed to judge the rightness of the actions of a person or community.

Sets rewards for good behavior.

Punishment for crimes. Death

Some Islamic states mix Islamic law with their legal system.

Chapter 7 Section 3 and 4 Muslim Empires and

Achievements

Caliph- means successor a title that Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam

Who came after Muhammad’s death?

Abu Bakr- directed a series of battles that unified Arabia into a Muslim state. 634 AD

Islam Spreads

Muslims conquered lands. Non Muslims could not build churches in Muslim cities but could practice Christianity or Judaism freely. They were not forced to convert.

Conquered – Persian and Byzantine

Trade helps Islam Spreads to India, Africa, and Southeast Asia

Islamic Dynasty

Abu Bakr- Muhammad’s family member. United Muslim Empire. Invaded Spain in 711 AD

Umayyads -Muslim Dynasty that moved capital to Damascus in Muslim conqueredSyria. Also land in Central Asia and India. Gained control of trade in the Mediterranean and North Africa.

Abbasids- Muslim family dynasty came to power in 749 AD.

Cultural Diffusion

Tolerance- acceptance of another person’s beliefs or values.

Muslims did not ban other religions because they shared views with some.

Arabic language, cultural, and customs were shared and adopted by people who were conquered by Muslims.

Ottoman Empire

Mid 1200’s ruled land from Eastern Europe to North Africa and Arabia.

Janissaries- conquered slave soldiers who converted to Islam and became fierce loyalwarriors.

Mehmed II- leader who conquered Constantinople changing the name to Istanbul.

He also turned the Byzantine’s great church the Hagia Sophia into a mosque.

Safavid Empire

Persian Muslims from present day Iran. Led by Esmail and Abbas

Came into conflict with other Muslims including the Ottomans.

Disputed over who should be caliph. Believed Muhammad’s son in law is one true heir and right to rule The Muslims split into two groups.

Shia- only Muhammad’s descendants only can be caliphs. (Safavid/ Iran)

Sunni- do not think caliphs have to be descendants of Muhammad (Ottoman)

Safavid Leader

Abbas became Shah in 1588. (King).

Abbas defeated the Uzbeks and took back land lost to the Ottomans.

Esfahan- capital city

Mughal Empire

Turkish Muslims in Northern India. 1500’s to 1700’s

Descendants of Mongols from Central Asia.

Babur- tried to build in empire in Central Asia but failed, instead he built one in Northern India instead.

Akbar- became leader in mid 1500’s and expanded the Mughal Empire

Muslim Developments in Astronomy

Improved calculations of time and developed better clocks.

Astrolabe- a device that allowed people to calculate their location on earth

Geography- by studying the stars it improved more accurate maps and improved trade.

Philosophy: Sufism

People could find God’s love by having a personal relationship with God.

Sufi Poets and other Achievements in Literature

The Rubayyat of Omar KhayyamSinbad, Aladdin, and Ali Baba

Math and Medicine

Advance the number 0.

Algebra

World’s First Pharmacy

Minarets and Calligraphy

Minarets- tall towers from Muslims are called to prayer

Calligraphy- decorative writing.