ch. 7 empires of persia
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Ch. 7 Empires of Persia. The Achaemenid Empire The Selucid, Parthian, and Sasanid Empires Social and Economic Developments Religions in Persian Society. 4 major Empires of Persia. Achaemenid, (558- 330 B.C.E.) Seleucid (323- 83 B.C.E.) Parthian (247- 224 B.C.E.) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Ch. 7 Empires of Persia
The Achaemenid EmpireThe Selucid, Parthian, and Sasanid Empires
Social and Economic DevelopmentsReligions in Persian Society
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4 major Empires of Persia
• Achaemenid, (558- 330 B.C.E.)• Seleucid (323- 83 B.C.E.)• Parthian (247- 224 B.C.E.)• Sasanid (224- 651 C.E.)
• controlled much of the territory between the Mediterranean Sea and India for over one thousand years, from about 550 B.C.E. through 650 C.E.
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The Achaemenid EmpirePeople: Medes & Persians migrated from central Asia to
Persia (modern day Iran), who became peoples of Achaemenid Empire
Leaders: Cyrus the Shepard, Cambyses, Darius
Center of Empire: Persepolis
-full of advisors, ministers, diplomats, scirbes, accountants, translators, bureaucratic officersPolitical: - balance between central dominance and local administration-appointed governors to different regions for central control
-divided into satrapies – administrative and taxation districts
-taxes, laws, standardized coins
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Darius the Great
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The Royal Road
Archaemenid Empire built roads, some of them stone, and courier service
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At the Height of the Empire…• Roads and administrative control allowed empire
to extend• Laws and justice maintained stability• Qanat –underground canals- improved
agriculture and led to more population• Iron Metallurgy – iron tools used in agriculture
throughout empire
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Decline & Fall of Empire
• Cyrus & Darius promoted toleration of multicultural empire and various ethnic groups
• Xerxes (Darius successor) imposed his own values and moved away from toleration
• People of Mesopotamia and Eygpt resented Xerxes and rebelled.
• Ionian Greeks (500 B.C.E.) rebelled and asserted independence– Known as the Persian Wars (500-479 B.C.E)
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Decline & Fall of Empire
• 150 years of battles and wars with Greek city-states– Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.E.) -Persian loss– Alexander the Great defeated Persians with
48,000 Macedonians– Battle of Gaugamela (331 B.C.E) – Alexander
the great defeated Achaemenid forces and empire was finished
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Alexander the Great
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The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanid Empires (After Alexander
the Greats’ death)• Alexander the Greats’ empire was divided into 3
realms– Seleucid –reigned using Archaemenid systems of
administration & taxation, royal roads and postal service
– Parthians –took over Iran, seminomadic, no centralized government, more agriculture, warriors
– Sasanids – furthered system of administration, cultivated rice, sugar, fruits, eggplant in Iran. Fought against growing Roman Empire
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Imperial Society & Economy
• Public life and social structure became more complicated– Centralized imperial governments– Educated classes– Trade, art, craftsmen, and professionals– Increased gap between rich and poor– More slavery – enslaving conquered forces
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Social Development in Classical Persia
• Early Achaemenid Empire – Medes & Persians had social structure similar to Aryans in India, – Warriors, priests, peasants– Family and clan relationships very important– Various other ethnic groups
• Imperial administration led to growing numbers of bureaucrats – administrators, tax collectors, record keepers – challenged warrior elite
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Free Classes
• People were free but did not live like clan leaders and bureaucrats
• Free peoples in cities – artisans, craftsmen, merchants, low-ranking civil servants
• Free peoples in countryside – peasants that owned their owned land, workers
• Religious observances
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Economic Foundations in Classical Persia
• Agriculture based –support military, bureaucrats, residents
• Trade from India to Egypt – Standardized coins, good trade routes,
markets, banks, taxes– Specialization of production in different
regions– Trade promoted because of relative political
stability, general prosperity, standardized coins, and good trade routes
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Religions of Salvation
• Cross-cultural influences led to development of Persian religion
• Zoroastrianism (6th century B.C.E.)– Idea of supreme god (Ahura Mazda)– Gathas (Zarathustra’s works) - – Not strict monotheists (6 lesser deities)– Good vs. Evil– Purpose of life was not to get to some heaven– Influenced Islam, Christianity, Judaism