CH. 7- 8CH. 7- 8TIMES OF TURMOILTIMES OF TURMOIL

1960s & 1970s1960s & 1970s

THE 1980s

TOWARD SOCIAL CHANGETOWARD SOCIAL CHANGE

THE YOUTHQUAKE

FEMINISM / RIGHTS

CHANGING SOCIAL VALUES

PM Trudeau’s Omnibus Bill 1969Civil LibertiesBasic Freedoms

1960

Right to Vote1960

ABORIGINAL CHANGES

Protests

Contraception for Women

Right to Abortion

Legalize Homosexuality

1969 White PaperAb. Rights &

Veto Indian Act

Encouraged AboriginalsTo leave reserves

Viewed as an attack

White Paper abandoned forRed Paper – Self Gov’t,Control of own affairs

BRA BURNING

Multiculturalism

Treaties with the Native PeoplesTreaties with the Native Peoples Settlement of the west would not be possible without

treaties and 1896 Indian Act (See next slide).

Treaty conditions were often ignored.Unkept promises =>Farm equipment, supplies,

farming techniques.Reserve land often small & poor land.Gov’t dependency increased.

Between 1874-1877, 7 treaties signed.

Mcdonald’s ‘Sea to Sea’ dream needed land.

ABORIGINAL BACKGROUND

Where is

B.C.????

1876 Indian Act1876 Indian Act 1876 = Indian Act

Natives to live on reserves.Children to attend residential schools.Propaganda Video vs. Reality Video

Missionaries sent to encourage treaties.

2008 Harper gave Federal Apology

Right to Vote1960

ABORIGINAL CHANGES1969 White Paper

Ab. Rights & Veto Indian Act

Encouraged Aboriginals

To leave reserves

Viewed as an attack

White Paper abandoned for

Red Paper – Self Gov’t,

Good enough for war……

THE FIGHT FOR THE FIGHT FOR ABORIGINAL RIGHTSABORIGINAL RIGHTS The Legacy of Residential Schools

– 1970-2008 = apologies (Church & Gov’t) Self government

– 1982 = Assembly of First Nations Land Claims

– Royal Proclamation of 1763 – How binding?? Nunavut

– 1999 Inuit = political control. (largest treaty ever)

The Royal Commission (1991)– Results – 1in 4 live in poverty, live 5.2 yrs shorter,

50 % unemployment > Canada Failed!!

OAKA CRISISMohawks fought

to protect land city councilpassed for a golf course

Treaty BuildingIn B.C.

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENTPOLITICS AND GOVERNMENTTHE PRIME MINISTERS

DIEFENBAKER

P.C. / 1957-63

PEARSON

Liberal / 1963-68

TRUDEAU

Lib. 1968-79;80-84

Unhyphenated Canadianism

Nationalism / Brt. Ties

Human Rights –> Can. Bill

of Rights

Women in Cabinet.

Aboriginal: Senator/ Vote

French felt excludedPro – Brt. (wanted Brt Ensign on flag)

Appealed To: young, urban,

central Canada

Severed ties with Brt.

Fr / Eng compromise

Modernize CanadaNo Capital Punishment / Pro Divorce

Canadian Flag – 1965 (p. 215)

Social Welfare – UI, Fam. Allowance, CPP, Medical Care Act (Tommy Douglas/ Saskatchewan), CAS (p.216)

Promoted Bilingual/Bicultural Canada (Bi & Bi Commission)

The Person: French, young,

hip, witty, Vette, celebrity,

‘salute’, ‘Trudeaumania’

Beliefs: Federalist, freedoms,

gov’t foster economy.

Official Lang. Act

Can.= Bilingual Country

‘A Just Society’/ Not ‘Distinct’

AGAINST SEPARATION - fought FLQ

- October Crisis (Cross & Laporte)

- War Measures Act

1960s & 70s QUEBEC1960s & 70s QUEBEC60s & 70s = BIRTH OF SEPARATISM

1960s Quebec felt Fr. Injustices?? (English, Schools, $, Politicians, etc. )

Many pushed for a separate Fr. State. FLQ gained support

Support Grew / Antics????

1970 – OCTOBER CRISISKidnapped Brt. Diplomat J. Cross Demands – Free FLQ prisoners (No)

- Read FLQ Manifesto (Yes) Kidnapped Labour Min. P. LaporteTrudeau imposed WMA (Controversy???) Locked down Montreal – Arrested FLQ members

“Just Watch Me” - TrudeauLaporte found murdered in trunk.60 days later Cross released after passage to Cuba.Most arrests were released without charge

1960 - LESAGE - LiberalQUEBEC NATIONALISM

‘Time for a change’No corruption / Yes to merit

Quiet RevolutionModernize – economy, pol.,

ed., & culture. (Church decline)

PARTI QUEBECOIS (PQ) – 1967 LEVESQUE – Quebec & Can. should divorce. Separatist

BOURASSA - 1970BILL 22 – Fr. = only lang.

Forced many Eng. out of prov.

LEVESQUE – 1976 BILL 101 Fr. Lang., ed., signs Eng felt 101= oppression

TrudeauImposed WMA

Bombed Mailboxes

Laporte Murdered

BILL 101BILL 101

The extravagance of the 50s & 60s was over1970 - ECONOMIC CHALLENGES1970 - ECONOMIC CHALLENGES INFLATION

– Organ. Of Petro. Exporting Countries (OPEC) 1973 = Israeli / Arab war (Can & US sided with Isreal) Oil embargo = 400% increase. The price on all goods rose.

– Workers wanted higher wages – inflation up.– Dual income families became the norm.

REGIONALISM– REGIONAL DISPARITY

Resource provinces hit hardest / ‘Have’ ; ‘Have-nots’ Trudeau tried to help with social programs - resentments

– WESTERN ALIENATION The west felt Trudeau’s policies favoured east.

– Alberta oil prices fixed by gov’t – Alberta wanted to increase to world levels.– Nat. Energy Program (NEP) to help oil issues.

EXPANDING HORIZONS– Trudeau tried to diversify from Amer. dominated trade.

Limited success.

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 1962

Air, water, soil, pollution Pesticides – DDT

Business was slow to get on board

CONSTITUTION & DISCORDCONSTITUTION & DISCORD THE 1980 REFERENDUM / QUEBEC SOVEREIGNTY

– The Deal – Sovereignty with Free Trade, common currency, common tariffs.- Quebec voted NO (40% = Yes).

PATRIATING THE CONSTITUTION– Trudeau wanted to change the BNA Act to give Can. Control.– The Amending Formula was difficult.

Problems - Provincial powers, Quebec veto, Western Prov.

Change = 7 of 10 provinces that = 50 % of population.– Quebec angry & protested – flags at half-mast

The Notwithstanding Clause – allowed for Prov. Acts to stand even though against the Charter.

TRUDEAU STEPS DOWN– Turner took over Liberals but lost election

to Mulroney (Conservative).

MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION (Continued next page)

Trudeau patriates constitutionWithout Quebec’s approval

MULRONEY & THE MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION

WITH HONOUR & ENTHUSIASM-Mulroney wanted to make things right. Cultural Mosaic vs. Melting Pot

-Mulroney / Bourassa – renewed Quebec negotiations.-Problem – Other prov. wanted more power. (Alberta- Oil / Nfld –Fish also Senate powers increased) Western Alienation – Bombardier / Winnipeg contract (Buy votes??) -

MEECH LAKE ACCORD-Mulroney propsed:

- Quebec’s ‘Distinct Society’- Power to provinces – constitutional veto

- Critics: - Trudeau claimed ‘two solitudes’-Aboriginals also wanted ‘Distinct Society’-Man. & Nfld pulled out & Meech died

-Results – Quebec humiliated -Bloc Quebecois formed – separatists (64%)

CHARLOTTETOWN ACCORD-Like Meech Lake but with:

- Aboriginal self-gov’t.- Reformed Senate

- equal rep. From all parts of Can. to please west- Canadians voted NO

- English felt too much power to Quebec.- French felt west too much Senate & Aboriginals too power in Quebec’s north.

1995 REFERENDUM-49.4% Of Quebec voted to split.

-Canada was shocked!!!- PM Chretien made it clear to ‘everyone’ that separation would come with a price. -Clarity Act – not 50% but a ‘clear majority’ would be needed for separation.-by 2000, separation seems to have declined.

Note – Separatists Parizeau & Bouchard resirgned. - Martin replaced Mulroney but would lose

to Harper (Conservative).

PM Mulroney

POPULAR CULTUREPOPULAR CULTURE‘THE 80s’‘THE 80s’

Teen Music Fashion

‘Boomers’ = Yuppies

X = Born after Boomers 1965-76Y = Born 1970-90 (Techies)

Gen X & YSee p. 243

Fig. 8-4

SOCIETY

NEW ECONOMIC IDEASNEW ECONOMIC IDEAS 1980s1980s1980 = Recession

(oil crisis/inflation/high interest rates)

The 1950-60s ‘savers’ = spenders (credit cards/consumerism)

DEBT CRISISHigh unemployment = no taxes

Gov’t assistance neededPublic services cut

Provincial Transfer Payments CutDeficit Budgets = More Debt

PM MULRONEY Trickle Down Effect – Lower Taxes

Stimulate Economy / Cut ServicesUse American $$$$

Note – Trudeau’s FIRA cut American influenceForeign Investment Review Agency

FREE TRADE AGREEMENTPros – More US $

- Open US markets- Attract US firms

Cons - Lose US branch plants-Can. Business can’t

compete with US- Canadian independence?

Deal - 1999 = Free Trade- Protect Can. Culture??- Fair competition??

1992 = NAFTA

FTA was expanded to MexicoCheap labour controversy?

COLD WAR TIMELINECOLD WAR TIMELINE1945

WW II ENDS / UN FORMED

GOUZENKO AFFAIR

1949NATO FORMED

1950-53KOREAN WAR

1955WARSAW PACT FORMED

1956SUEZ CANAL CRISIS

1957 NORAD AGREEMENT

1962CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

1963CANADA = BOMARC MISSILES

1966US TROOPS IN VIETNAM

1973US OUT OF VIETNAM

1983STAR WARS / SOVIETS SHOOT KOREAN

JET

1989BERLIN WALL FALLS

1991USSR COLLAPSES

(Diefenbaker)

(Pearson)

(Trudeau)

(Mulroney)

(St. Laurent)

(King)

(’93 Chretien)(‘06 Harper)

A MORE INDEPENDENT A MORE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL POLICYINTERNATIONAL POLICY

World events put the USA and Canada at odds; even the PMs & Presidents disliked one another (Diefenbaler/Kennedy, Pearson/Johnson, &

Trudeau/Nixon). .

THE ISSUESNUCLEAR WEAPONS

Much of Canada was against US nukes Appreciated the American defence & feared Anti-nuke attitude may affect trade relations.

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS- Castro booted Pro-U.S. dictator.- US Bay of Pigs invasion = failure.- Cuba got nuke help from Soviets.- The world on brink of war.- A last minute deal reached.

-No nukes for Cuban safety.- US imposed sanctions on Cuba & expected Can. to follow.Diefenbaker was slow – hurt Can./US relations.

THE VIETNAM WAR-Like Korea, N (Com.). & S. (Democratic ??) divided.-US feared the ‘Domino Effect’ –1st advised then troops

-USSR & China supplied the North =>Tet Offensive -TV outraged Americans & war = controversial.- US angry with lack of Canadian support.

-‘Draft dodgers’ came to Canada - Canadian gov’t = neutral to war- Johnson spoke out against US bombing campaign

TRUDEAU’S FOREIGN POLICY-Recognized Communist gov’t of China.-Revisted Pearson’s US/Canada defence partnershipNote – In 1984 Trudeau = Peace prize for easing Cold War tensions

OTHER KEY EVENTS: CIDA (help underdeveloped),

1979 USSR into Afghanistan (increased Cold War/1980 Olympics boycott)

PEACEKEEPINGPEACEKEEPINGThe US was now the only superpower left. The US was now the only superpower left. Good or Bad??? => Good or Bad??? => NEW WORLD ORDERNEW WORLD ORDER

1990 - THE PERSIAN GULF WARSaddam Hussein & Iraq invaded Kuwait

The UN sent in forces led by US.(First time since Korea the UN attacked the aggressor)

Canada joined USA in Desert StormDid UN/US move too fast? Sanctions?

BUSH = “A New World Order” / UN Police

1991 - DISGRACE IN SOMALIACanada sent in as peacekeeper during civil war. - Much more aggressive stance. - Operation Restore HopeCanadians arrested, beat, killed,

teenage boy.Canada’s peace role questioned.

CIVIL WAR IN YUGOSLAVIAPost WW II = Communist TitoAfter his death internal conflict.Serbian president Milosevic = trouble - 1989.UN (Canada) forces sent to keep the peace.NATO = controversial airstrikes against Serbia.

1998 – Serbs ignored peace & moved into KosovoAlbanian Muslims were persecuted,

murdered, displaced.NATO attacked!!!

Canada took part – Controversy???NATO - ?????

Involvement in domestic affairs???

2001 - THE ATTACKS OF 9-11Al-Qaeda flew four planes into US buildings.(Twin Towers x 2, Pentagon, Crashed (White House)Bush = War on Terrorism.

2001 - WAR IN AFGHANISTANUS & Brt. went after Osama bin Laden & the Taliban.UN later approved.2001- Canada entered war – support dwindling.

2003 - THE IRAQ WARUS went after weapons of mass destruction.Many nations (Canada) not convinced &

did not go. US was upset!!!No weapons found!!!! OIL???

2011 – Osama Bin Laden located & shot by US???(Body dumped at sea days later no pics!)

- 1994 - - 1994 - RAWANDARAWANDA

Hutus vs Tutsis

When prominent Hutu was killed theHutus overthrew Tutsi gov’t & the slaughter/ genocide of the Tutsis began.

General Romeo Dallaire (Canadian) was brought in to lead UN forces.He pleaded for men & $ but the world Just sat back & watched.

Did the world really know????

What is the cartoonist suggesting What is the cartoonist suggesting about Canada/UN’s new aggressive about Canada/UN’s new aggressive

policies?policies?