ch 28 wage determination
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Ch 28 Wage Determination. Most important price you will encounter in your lifetime will be your hourly wage rate It is critical to determining your economic well-being. Wage Determination. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Ch 28 Wage Determination
•Most important price you will encounter in your lifetime will be your hourly wage rate
•It is critical to determining your economic well-being.
Wage DeterminationThis chapter explores how the supply of land, labor,
capital and entrepreneurial ability interacts with demand for those resources in order to explain how wages, rents,
interests and profits are determined.
Wage Determination
• Wages and Salaries are first in the discussion because they account for nearly 78% of national income
• Read pages 582-584 for general wage discussion
Purely Competitive Labor Market
• Many firms compete with one another in hiring specific types of labor.
• Numerous qualified workers with identical skills independently supply this type of labor.
• “Wage-taker” behavior pertains to both individual firms and individual workers
Purely Competitive Labor Market
Question:What determines
the wage in a competitive labor
market?
Purely Competitive Labor Market
Market Supply of Labor
The supply curve slopes upward because higher wages are needed to
attract more workers
Higher wages entice more workers to offer their labor services in that market. See figure 28-3b curve S.
Purely Competitive Labor MarketLabor Market Equilibrium
Determined by the intersection of the market labor demand and supply
curves
The individual firm is a wage taker because the firm employs such a small fraction of the total supply of labor it
cannot influence the wage rate.
Purely Competitive Labor Market
Labor Market EquilibriumThe individual firm finds it profitable to
hire labor up to the point at which marginal revenue product is equal to
marginal resource cost.See Figure 28-3a
Total revenue is area 0abcGreen rectangle represents total wage
cost
Lavender triangle represents non-labor cost
Monopsony Model
The situation is quite different in monopsony, a
market in which an employer of resources has monopolistic
buying (hiring) power.
Monopsony Model• There is only a single buyer of a
particular kind of labor• This type of labor is relatively
immobile, either geographically or because workers would have to acquire new skills.
• Firm is a “wage maker” in that the wage rate it must pay varies with the number of workers employed. “Only game in town”
Monopsony Model
Question:Why is the supply curve for labor upsloping?
Monopsony Model• MRC is higher than the wage rate
Paying a uniform wage to all workers means that the cost of an
extra worker – the marginal resource (labor) cost (MRC) – is the sum of that worker’s wage rate and the amount necessary to bring the wage rate of all current workers up
to the new wage level.
Monopsony ModelSee figure 28-4.
To maximize profit it will employ the quantity where MRC =MRP
It then looks at the supply curve to point c, the wage rate it will pay.
The monopsonistic employer of resources finds it profitable to restrict employment to depress wage rates and therefore costs.
Three Union Models
•Demand-Enhancement Model•Exclusive or Craft Union Model•Inclusive or Industrial Union Model
Three Union Models
• Demand-Enhancement Model – The most desirable technique for raising wage rates is to increase the demand for labor.
• An increase in the demand for labor will result in both higher wage rates and more jobs
Three Union ModelsDemand-Enhancement Model
Increase Product demand – advertising (buy the union label), political lobbying
Increase Productivity
Change Prices of Other Inputs – support increase in minimum wage
Three Union ModelsExclusive or Craft Union Model
Specific types of workers have adopted techniques designed to
restrict numbers. Craft unions are one example. They are comprised of
workers of a given skill, such as carpenters, bricklayers or plumbers.
Three Union ModelsExclusive or Craft Union Model
Occupational Licensing is another means of restricting the supply of
specific kinds of labor.
Here a group of workers in an occupation will pressure state or
municipal governments to pass a law which say individuals can only practice
their trade if they meet certain specified requirements.
Three Union ModelsInclusive or Industrial Union Model
Here the union seeks to organize all available workers. Such unions include automobile workers and steel workers.
These types of unions seek all unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled
workers in an industry as members.
Three Union ModelsWage Increases and Unemployment
Evidence suggests that union members on the average achieve a 10 to 15
percent wage advantage over nonunion workers
Unemployment effect may be reduced in two ways: Growth and Elasticity