Ch 2

Exploration of the New World

Vikings

• Sea-going ppl originally from Scandinavia

• Explored Canada (called Vinland)

• Not given credit as being 1st Eur. to expl. America b/c left no written records

Columbus• Born in Italy• Learned about nav.

from Port.• Wanted to find diff.

route to Asia• Asked Spain for $• Aug. 1492: sailed

from Sp. w/ 90 men & 3 ships: Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria

• Spotted land Oct 12• Claimed land for Sp.

• Landed on Cuba but thought it was Japan

• Sailed to Hispaniola (DR, Haiti) in Jan 1493

• Made gov. of all land he claimed for Sp.

• Thought he landed in Indies

• Made 4 voyages in total, believing he reached Asia

Other Explorers

• Amerigo Vespucci realized Columbus reached new continents

• Mapmaker named America after him

• 1510: Balboa expl Panama

• 1st Eur to see Pacific Ocean

• Magellan: His crew was 1st to circumnavigate (sail around) the world

• He died while in the Philippines

• Discovered strait at tip of S.A.

• Strait: narrow waterway connecting 2 larger bodies of H2O

Columbian Exchange: transfer of ppl, products, technology, & ideas between the E & W (Old & New World)Positive

From Eur:• Cows, hogs, horses• Food plants: wheat, oats• Christianity

From Amer:• Llamas, turkeys• Cocoa, peanuts, tomato• Acct for 1/3 of world’s

food supply

Negative

From Eur:• Diseases: small pox, chix

pox, measles• Weapons• Slaves

Section 2

Spanish Conquistadors

• Conquistador: soldier-adventurer

• Wanted riches & glory for selves & Spain

• “Gold, glory, God”

Cortes

• 1519 sailed from Cuba to Mex• Aztecs gave him gold—thought he was

their sun god• Marched into Tenochtitlan• Conqered Aztecs• Held hostage & killed Moctezuma

(Montezuma)—Aztec emperor• Destroyed capital, built Mex. City, cap of

New Spain

Pizarro• 1531 landed on coast

of Peru to search for Incas who were said to have gold

• Took Inca leader, Atahualpa, prisoner & executed him

• By 1533, defeated Incas & captured Cuzco

• Became colony of Peru

Why the Spanish Were Victorious

• Technology: armor, muskets, cannons

• Rode horses

• Native Americans divided among themselves– Civil war had just ended in Peru– Conquered Nat. Am. hated Aztecs

Other Spanish Explorers

• 1513: Ponce de Leon expl “La Florida”—1st Sp. to set foot in present day US

• Sp. searched from FL to TX looking for gold

• Cabeza de Vaca landed @ Galveston

• b/c of starvation & disease, # reduced to 15 b/4 they were enslaved by Nat. Am.

• Estevanico (slave) remained alive

• Told tales of 7 cites of gold (7 Cities of Cibola)

• Coronado led search for cities of gold

• Expl. NM, TX, AZ, KS

• De Soto searched for gold in Carolinas to OK

• Found Mississippi River

Colonizing Sp. America

• Created formal system of government (Council of the Indies)

• Nat. Am.—source of labor

• Settlers given land for mines, ranches, & plantations (large farms worked by laborers who live on the property)

• Encomiendas: land grants that incl. right to demand labor or taxes from Nat. Am.

• Nat. Am. forced to work in gold & silver mines

• Treated cruelly• Protested by Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas• Eventually Sp. gov ordered system to be

reformed• Sp. Believed they had duty to convert Nat.

Am. to Christianity• Set up missions (religious settlements)

– San Francisco, San Diego, San Antonio

• Presidios: forts• Pueblos: towns

Social Classes

• Top: peninsulares (born in Sp, gov officials)

• Criollos: kids of peninsulares born in America, wealthy merchants

• Mestizos: kids of Eur & Nat Amer—ranchers, farmers, merchants

• Mulattos: kids of Eur & Afr. Am.• Native Americans (often died from labor)• Africans—brought in as slaves to do work

Section 3

Conflicts in Europe

Religious—Protestant Reformation occurring in sev. nations by 1530s

• King Henry VIII supported Br. Protestant Reformation

• He wanted to remarry but Catholic Church doesn’t permit it

• Pope refused to allow annulment

• Henry set up Church of England

• Economic—countries wanted colonies so the nations could become rich and powerful

• Countries sought gold to pay for wars & strengthen armies

• Mercantilism: idea that colonies existed to make the home nation wealthy and powerful

Spanish Armada

• Sp. King Phillip II hoped to make Br. Catholic again

• Eng. raids on Sp. ships which carried gold

• 1588 Sp. assembled 130 warships—Spanish Armada

• Sm. & faster ships from Eng. sank Sp. ships

• Changed balance of power in Eur.

• Spain weakened

• Enabled Eng. & Fr. to found colonies in New World

Other Explorers

• John Cabot wanted to find N. route to Asia

• Eng. was interested in Cabot’s idea

• May 1497—expl. Newfoundland

• 1498—expl. N. Amer. Coast as far S. as Chesapeake Bay

• Wanted to find northwest passage (sea route from Atlantic to Pacific that passed through or around N. Amer.)

• 1524: Verrazano expl. coastal region from NC to Newfoundland

• Disc. mouth of Hudson R. & NY Bay

• Cartier disc. St. Lawrence R. & expl. as far as Montreal

• Henry Hudson made 4 voyages – 1607 & 1608 sailed for Br. & expl. Arctic

Ocean– 1609 sailed for Dutch & expl. NY & Hudson R.– 1611 expl. Hudson Bay

Section 4

New France

• Settled early 1600s—parts of present-day Canada

• 1603 Champlain expl & mapped land along St. Lawrence R.

• 1608 est. settlement @ Quebec

• 1609 expl. Lk. Champlain (on border of VT & NY)

• Fr. profited from fish & furs

• Traded w/ Nat. Amer. for animal skins– Beaver hats were pop. in Eur. @ time

• Nova Scotia est. 1604 as trading post

• Coureurs de bois: “runners of the woods”—independent traders who lived among Native Americans– Many married Nat. Am. women & had families

Exploration of the Mississippi R.

• 1670 Fr. missionary Jacques Marquette founded 2 missions along Great Lakes

• 1673 Marquette & Joliet expl. Miss. R.• Water route into heart of N. Am.• 1682 La Salle reached mouth of Miss. R.

@ Gulf of Mexico• Claimed Mississippi Valley for Fr. &

named it Louisiana after Fr. King Louis XIV

New Netherland

• Dutch claims based on Hudson’s exploration

• 1610 arrived in Hudson Valley & began trading w/ Nat. Am.

• Est. colony—New Netherland

• 1624 300 settlers settled @ Ft. Orange & created a fur trading post (present-day Albany)

• 1626 grp. settled @ mouth of Hudson

• Led by Peter Minuit

• Purchased island of Manhattan from Nat. Am.

• Called it New Amsterdam

• New Netherland was a barrier to Eng b/c it kept the Br. from moving west

• 1664 Br. seized it from Dutch Gov. Peter Stuyvesant

• Renamed New York after king’s bro, Duke of York

Impact on Native Americans• Provided fur pelts to Fr.

& Dutch traders

• Eur. gave them manufactured goods—cloth, iron pots, tools, guns

• Fr. & Dutch made alliances w/ Nat. Am. (agreement btwn parties that benefit both)

• Fr. allied w/ Hurons

• Dutch allied w/ Iroquois

• Iroquois used guns to attack Hurons, which devastated Hurons

• Nat. Am acquired Eur. diseases

• Over trapping of animals weakened food chain

• Land became more valuable than alliances