ch. 18 solids. characteristics are due to its structure, or arrangement of its atoms
TRANSCRIPT
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Ch. 18 Solids
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Characteristics are due to its structure, or arrangement of its atoms.
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Most solids have a crystal structure.
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•Why do some object float while others sink or are suspended somewhere in between?
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Density•Is the mass of a substance divided by the volume of that substance.
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Density Equation Mass
Density = Volume
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Density Units•Metric: kg / m3
or g / cm3
•English: lbm / ft3
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Example 1: An object has a mass of 550 g and a volume of 500 cm3. What is the objects density?
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Given: m = 550 g, V = 500 cm3
Unknown: D = ? Equation: D = m / VSubstitution: D = 550 g /
500 cm3 Solution: D = 1.1 g / cm3
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•Ex 2: What is the volume of my 2.16 g titanium wedding band if the density is 4.50 g/ cm3?
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G: m = 2.16 g,
D = 4.50 g/cm3
U: V = ?
E: D = m / V V = m/D
S: V = 2.16 / 4.50 g/cm3
S: V = 0.48 cm3
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Weight DensityIs the ratio of the weight to the volume.
Commonly used for Liquids.
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Elasticity• Is the property of a body/material that when it is deformed by a force, it will return to its original shape when the force is gone.
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So things are either elastic or inelastic.
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Elastic LimitThe distance beyond which stretching or compressing results in permanent distortion.
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Hooke’s LawAs long as the the elastic limit
is not exceeded, the amount of stretch or compression is directly proportional to the
applied force
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Felastic = -kx•F = Spring Force
•x = distance stretched or compressed
•k = proportionality constant of elongation
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The (-) sign signifies that the direction of the force is always in the direction opposite the mass’s displacement.
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Ex 3: A spring has been stretched 0.3 m, how much force is necessary to stretch it, if its spring constant is 12 N/m?
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G: x = 0.3 m, k = 12 N/m
U: F = ?
E: F = -kx
S: F = -(12 N/m)(0.3 m)
S: F = - 3.6 N
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Ex 4: A spring has been stretched 23 cm by a hanging mass of 400 g, what is the spring constant of the spring?
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G: x = 23 cm
m = 400 g
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G: x = 23 cm = 0.23 m m = 400 g = 0.4 kg
g = 10 m/s2
U: k = ?Spring is in equilibrium.
Felastic = Fg
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G: x = -23 cm = -0.23 m m = 400 g = 0.4 kg
g = 10 m/s2
U: k = ?Spring is in equilibrium.
Felastic = Fg = mg
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E: Felastic = -kx
mg = -kx
k = mg/-x
S: k = (0.4)(10)/-(-0.23)
S: k = 17.4 N/m
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Compression & Tension
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• Compression is squeezing.
• Tension is stretching.
• Beams can be both under tension and compression at the same time. –Top under tension, bottom under compression, or vice versa.
• I-beams.
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ScalingThe study of how the size affects the relationship between weight, strength, and surface area.
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Strength is proportional to cross-section
area.
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Heat transfer is proportional
to surface area.
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Weight is proportional to
volume.
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Food requirement is proportional to
volume.
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Double each side of a cube.
•It has 4 (= 22) times the cross section.
•4 times the strength.
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•It has 4 (= 22) times the surface area.
•4 times the heat loss/gain
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•It has 8 (= 23) times the volume.
•8 times the weightNeeds 8 times the nutrients
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Surface Area
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Surface Area
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Volume
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Volume
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Volume