ceramics
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CERAMICS. What is Ceramics?. Pottery or clay sculpture fired at high temperatures in a kiln to make them harder and stronger. Ceramics Around the World. Ceramics have been used, throughout the world, for tens of thousands of years. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CERAMICS
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What is Ceramics?
• Pottery or clay sculpture fired at high temperatures in a kiln to make them harder and stronger
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Ceramics Around the World
Ceramics have been used, throughout the world, for tens of thousands of years.Archeologists have uncovered human-made ceramics in the form of animal and human
figurines that date back to at least 24,000 BC.
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Examples of African and Middle Eastern Ceramics
Saudi Arabi
a
Democratic Republic of Congo
Iran
Egypt1800 BC
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Examples of Asian Ceramics
Korea
China – Ming Dynasty
1300 AD
Terra Cotta Warriors210 BC
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Examples of North and South American Ceramics
Peru (Incan)400 AD
United States (Native
American Pueblo)
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Examples of European Ceramics
GreeceNetherlands(Delftware)
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Examples of Contemporary Ceramics
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Examples of Contemporary Ceramics
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BASIC Materials• Kiln: a specially designed oven capable of
reaching temperatures over 2000° F (can be electric, gas, or wood-fired)
• Clay: moist, sticky dirt (mud) composed of fine-grained minerals, which can be shaped when wet and hardened when dried or heated
• Tools: mainly used to shape clay
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Common Types of Clay• Earthenware: clay fired at
relatively low temperatures (1800°F-2100°F), often contains iron and has a porous surface when fired
• Stoneware: a buff, gray or brown clay which is heavy, opaque, and highly plastic in nature with a high firing temperature (2200°F-2400°F)
• Porcelain: a very fine white clay with a high firing temperature (2200°F-2550°F), is non-porous, strong, and translucent when fired
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Tools, Tools, Tools….
modeling toolshands
wire clay cutter
loop tools
ribs
sponge
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Clay Shaping Methods
• Wheel Throwing• Slip Casting• Hand Building
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Wheel Throwing
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Wheel Thrown Pottery
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Slip CastingSlip: a liquid mixture of clay and water
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Slip Cast Ceramics
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Hand Building
• Pinch Pot• Coil Construction• Slab Construction
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Pinch Pot• Pinching is a pottery technique fundamental to manipulating
clay. Making a pinch pot consists of pressing the thumb into a ball of clay, and drawing the clay out into a pot by repeatedly squeezing the clay between the thumb and fingers.
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Pinch Pots
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Coil Construction• Coils are long, snake-like ropes of clay that are used in
making pottery. It involves building the walls of a form with a series of coils into the required shape. The surface can either remain coil-textured or they can be smoothed.
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Coil Ceramics
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Slab Construction• A pottery technique in which a form is built up by joining
shapes cut from thick sheets of damp clay.
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Slab Ceramics
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Decorating Methods• Glaze: a glass
coating that is especially made to stick onto ceramic surfaces
• Underglaze: colored slips applied beneath a glaze layer
• Stain: raw pigments, can be water or acrylic based
• Burnishing: rearranging and compressing clay particles by rubbing the surface of a clay object until it becomes glossy
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Stages of Clay• Wet clay: soft/plastic clay
• Leather hard (greenware): clay is dry enough to maintain form and wet enough to be smoothed, carved, and added to
• Bone dry (greenware): clay has dried as much as possible before first firing and is extremely brittle
• Bisque: first firing where all remaining water molecules are released from the clay transforming it into ceramic (Why are air bubbles dangerous during a bisque fire?)
• Glazed: second firing where glaze has melted into the ceramic surface making it non-porous
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Clean-Up• Hazards of clay dust:
– Silica particles = extremely tiny pieces of glass, which became airborne and easily inhaled….extremely hazardous to lungs
• Solution:– WET clean-up prevents dust from building up
and becoming airborne– Use wet sponges, spray bottles, wet paper towel