CERAMICS

CERAMIC MATERIALS

GLASSES CLAY PRODUCTS

REFRACTORIES

ABRASIVES

CEMENTS

ADVANCED CERAMICS

GLASSES

GLASS- CERAMICS

STRUCTURAL CLAY

PRODUCTS

WHITE WARES

FIRE CLAY

SILICA

SPECIAL

BASIC

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF APPLICATIONS

• COMPOUNDS BETWEEN METALLIC & NONMETALLIC COMPOUNDS BETWEEN METALLIC & NONMETALLIC ELEMENTSELEMENTS

• MOSTLY OXIDES, NITRIDES & CARBIDESMOSTLY OXIDES, NITRIDES & CARBIDES

• OF CLAY MINERALS, CEMENT, GLASSOF CLAY MINERALS, CEMENT, GLASS

• INSULATIVE TO THE PASSAGE OF ELECTRICITY& INSULATIVE TO THE PASSAGE OF ELECTRICITY& HEATHEAT

• MORE RESISTANT TO HIGH TEMPERATURES & HARSH MORE RESISTANT TO HIGH TEMPERATURES & HARSH ENVIRONMENTSENVIRONMENTS

• HARD, BRITTLEHARD, BRITTLE

CERAMICS

Some History of Ceramics

Study of the Arts and Crafts Museum in Cologne, as well as with Otto von Falke revealed that the origins of artistic stoneware were in Cologne

(4th largest city in Germany). • This was where potters had settled in the early

16th century who had mastered stoneware firing. They had achieved a firing temperature of about 1200°C. The other stoneware centres were only concerned with the production of simple functional ware. The potters in Cologne had begun to strive for artistic effects under the influence of the artistic currents of the Renaissance.

• Excavations in Cologne from 1889 revealed convincing evidence of the origins of artistic ornamentation, some of which were highly impressive.

• However, the stoneware potters from Cologne were not to be allowed a period of peaceful development: by the middle of the sixteenth century, they were being threatened with expulsion, and by 1570, the last ones had left town.

Properties of Ceramics explained by their structures

• Noncrystallinity of inorganic glass materials imparts optical transparency

• Hydroplasticity of clays due to interactions between water molecules & clay structure.

• Some ceramics have permanent magnetic & ferroelectric behaviours.

• ATOMIC BONDING- MAINLY IONIC• - structures can be considered as

composed of electrically charged ions (instead of atoms)

• Metallic Ions- Cations are +vely charged as they give up their valence electrons to the nonmetallic ions- Anions.

• Relative sizes- rC & rA- of the cations and anions, and the magnitude of the electrical charge on each influence the crystal structure.

(rC/rA < unity)

Stable ceramic crystals: when anions surrounding a cation are all in contact with that cation

Stable- unstable anion- cation coordination configurations

Blue – cations; Open- anions

Representations of cation- anion vacancies, & a cation interstitial

• Mechanical properties:• Inferior to those of metals• Brittle fracture at room temperature before any

plastic deformation in response to tensile load.- Formation & propagation of cracks

• Stress- strain behaviour- a 3 point loading scheme adopted.

• Elastic behaviour- similar to tensile test results for metals.- (linear stress-strain: eg.Al2O3, Glass)

• The hardness is a beneficial property for abrasive/grinding actions.(Knoop hardness)

Three point loading scheme for measuring the stress- strain behaviour and flexural strength

of brittle ceramics

Frequency distribution of observed fracture strengths

for Portland Cement

APPLICATIONS

• Glasses & Glass ceramics

Non crystalline silicates with oxides of CaO, Na2O, K2O, Al2O3 as containers, lenses, fibre glass etc.

Non crystalline to crystalline by proper high temperature heat treatment. This process is called devitrification.

Product a polycrystalline material called a Glass-Ceramic.• Clay products Inexpensive raw material. Easily formed, shaped with water content,

mechanical properties improved by firing.• Refractory ceramics Several classes- fireclay, high alumina clay, silica, periclase, periclase-

chrome ore. All with oxides of al, Si, Mg, Fe, Ca, and some with Cr,Ti too• Advanced ceramics.Used in optical fiber systems, as ball bearings, in MEMS, also using the

piezoelectric behaviour.

Ceramic Fabrication Techniques

CERAMICS AS FLOOR/WALL TILES

• Variety of Shapes & SizesModular sizes and classic shapes

-Can add patterns to the most basic installation. - Freedom to create the designs best suited for

application. Natural Color Selections

• Through The Body Color – (vitrified) – - Will not wear off. - With ageing, they acquire a natural glaze that

actually enhances their beauty and character

• Durable. - The present extrusion processes used to manufacture tiles are combined with state-of-the art equipment and the finest raw materials.

- The result is an unglazed ceramic tile that is impact,

abrasion, slip, and soil resisting. • Reduction Fired Character

Naturally fired tile of the past replaced with LPG fired ones to enhance color and tone.

• Even > 12 mm ThicknessFrom the finest raw materials giving them strength that resists impact and abrasion.

• Unglazed Surface –(matt finish)Well suited for high traffic, multi-use commercial and residential design needs.

- an attractive and safe surface for pedestrian traffic.

• Extruded & Hard Fired Many products are extruded then hard fired making their absorption level very low and their durability level very high.

- can be installed in indoors and out with confidence....and relax.

• Relieved EdgesDesigned and produced with relieved edges. Functionally this quality makes tiles less susceptible to chipping.

- and aesthetically the relieved edges of give a soft, natural look to a finished installation.

• The Interstitial: The Dishes Are on the Floor (And Up the Wall)

New York artist, poet, curator and art critic John Perreault discusses how Marek Cecula is taking the tradition of the industrial ceramic decal one step further.

• Cecula was born in Poland and lived in Israel and Brazil, before settling in New York.

• He has since established a strong reputation as a conceptual artist.

Arts & Crafts Movements

• The Arts & Crafts Movement in Europe and America, 1880–1920: Design for the Modern WorldThe Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA) hosted this exhibition organized by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA).

• It is the first to demonstrate the significance of the widespread international Arts and Crafts movement of Europe and the United States. – in 2005

• Global Arts Village An emerging international residential art center in New Delhi, which encourages diversity and multicultural exchange among creative people of all kinds. The Arts Village enables artists to experience a natural, eco-friendly environment for creative work. (28 August 2005)

Odd Spot

• Before turning his attention to pottery in the late 1920s, Frederick Carlton Ball (1911-1992) was a prize fighter who went by the name "California Gene Tunney".

• During that time he also worked in the local mines, packing explosives into blast holes. Ball later went on to teach ceramics at several colleges for more than 40 years, including the California College of Arts and Crafts, Southern Illinois University, the University of Puget Sound, Mills College, Oakland and the University of Southern California, where Fred Olsen was amongst his students.

• He also wrote a book called 'Decorating Pottery with Clay, Slip and Glaze'.

What is this technology?

Why would we consider that at one time pottery-making was a new, radical technology?

What needs did pottery address in those times and places, do we have similar needs today, and, if so, how are those needs addressed today?

What technologies today serve similar purposes to pottery from its early beginnings?

Why would we consider that at one time pottery-making was a new, radical technology?

Why do people do pottery today?

How are techniques and processes that we use today to create pottery similar to and different from those used by early civilizations?

• What is it that is so fascinating about Gabriele Koch's vessels?

• Is it the huge, uncluttered

forms that stand there with such a self-evident presence like the vessels of ancient cultures - forms that are somehow familiar and yet different?

• Is it the colour, determined by the traces of smoke, which seems so natural, and yet in these shadings is practically unique?