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620211 Introduction to Ceramic Engineering Nutthita Chuankrerkkul 21 January 2011

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Page 1: Ceramic Processing 2

620211 Introduction to Ceramic Engineering

Nutthita Chuankrerkkul

21 January 2011

Page 2: Ceramic Processing 2

2

CeramicsMetals

Polymers

SiO2

MgO, CaO Al2O3, Fe2O3

CeramicsGlasses

Hydraulicceramics

Advanced oxide ceramics

Advanced non-oxide ceramics

Classic silicateceramics

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• Properties:--Tmelt for glass is moderate, but large for other ceramics.

--Small toughness, ductility; large moduli & creep resist.

• Applications:--High T, wear resistant, novel uses from charge neutrality.

• Fabrication--some glasses can be easily formed

--other ceramics can not be formed or cast.

Glasses Clay

products

Refractories Abrasives Cements Advanced

ceramics

-optical -composite

reinforce -containers/

-household

-whiteware -bricks

-bricks for

high T (furnaces)

-sandpaper -cutting

-polishing

-composites -structural

engine -rotors

-valves -bearings

-sensorsAdapted from Fig. 13.1 and discussion

in Section 13.2-6, Callister 6e.

TAXONOMY OF CERAMICS

www.uwstout.edu/faculty/schultzf/chem-341/docs/Chapter_13.ppt

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Topics

Processing & Machinery: comminution, mixing

Rheology: binder, viscosity

Forming techniques: hand throwing, uniaxial die pressing, isostatic pressing (CIP, HIP), injection moulding, extrusion, slip casting, tape casting, gel casting

Porous ceramics, Ceramic matrix composites (CMC)

Literature review on research & development in ceramics

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กระบวนการผลิตเซรามิก

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Plastic forming

Powder injection moulding

- Ceramic injection moulding (CIM)

- Metal injection moulding (MIM)

Extrusion

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Powder Injection Moulding

เหมาะส าหรับการผลิต

- ชิ้นส่วนขนาดเล็กที่มีรูปร่างซับซ้อน

- วัสดุท่ีมีจุดหลอมเหลวสูง ได้แก่ เซรามิก หรือโลหะบางชนิด

- ชิ้นงานมีรูปร่างใกล้เคียงรูปร่างสุดท้าย (near net shape)

มีข้อดีคือ

- ประหยัด และลดการสูญเสียวัตถุดิบ

- ลดขั้นตอน และลดค่าใช้จ่ายในการตัดแต่งชิ้นงาน

กระบวนการฉีดขึ้นรูปวัสดุผง

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VDO

Powder injection moulding

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCfUd7ZEOjg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ecn3Gl3AaZ8

MIM

MIM & CIM

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Mixing/Milling

Clay + water

Ceramic powder + binder

Powder A + Powder B

Powder + binder + additives

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Particle size distribution of WC powders, planetary milled

for various times

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.1 1 10 100 1000

Particle Diameter (mm)

Vo

lum

e (

%)

15 min

30 min

45 min

60 min

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Powder Morphology

30 mm

30 mm

WC Powder A (as-received)

WC Powder B (after milling) http://www.purdue.edu/REM/rs/sem.htm

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Density of the mixture

Powder density = 3.9 g/cm3

Binder density = 1.1 g/cm3

Powder 95 wt% + Binder 5 wt%

Density of the mixture =?

3.76 g/cm3 3.46 g/cm3

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The prediction of theoretical density for a mixture of two powders or a powder and a

binder is a common problem that is often solved wrongly.

BAT WWW AWMass of powder A

BWMass of binder B

A

AA

WV

B

BB

WV

VVolume

B

B

A

A

BA

T

TT WW

WW

V

W

Density

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Density of the mixture

Density Powder A = 15.6 g/cm3

Density Powder B = 8.9 g/cm3

Density of the mixture =?

94 wt% Powder A + 6 wt% Powder B

15.20 g/cm3 14.93 g/cm3

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Source: http://www.azom.com

Source: http://www.designinsite.dk/

Powder Injection Moulding

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กระบวนการฉีดขึ้นรูปวัสดุผง

ตัวประสานส าหรับกระบวนการฉีดขึ้นรูปวัสดุผง เป็นองค์ประกอบที่มีความส าคัญ

- ท าหน้าที่น าพาผงวัสดุเข้าไปในแม่พิมพ์

- ยึดจับอนุภาคท าให้ชิ้นงานคงรูปอยู่ได้ ก่อนที่จะท าการเผาซินเทอร์

- มีบทบาทส าคัญต่อกระบวนการผลิต

- ส่วนใหญ่ใชต้ัวประสานที่เป็นพอลิเมอร์

อย่างไรก็ตามไม่มีตัวประสานชนิดใดที่ดีที่สุด จึงมีการพัฒนาตัวประสานผสม (multi-component binder) เพื่อให้เหมาะกับการผลิตแต่ละประเภท

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กระบวนการฉีดขึ้นรูปวัสดุผง

Feedstock คือ ส่วนผสมส าหรับการฉีดขึ้นรูป ประกอบด้วยผงวัสดุ ตัวประสาน รวมทั้งตัวเติมชนิดต่างๆ

Example of powder-binder mixtures for PIM

powder binder

wt %

solids loading, vol %

density, g/cm3

moulding temp.

ºC

green strength,

MPa

0.4 µm

Al2O3

92 polyethylene

8 paraffin wax 60 2.74 110 5

0.5 µm

Si3N4

65 polyethylene glycol

8 paraffin wax 58 2.28 155 12

10 µm

steel

55 paraffin wax

45 polypropylene

5 stearic acid67 5.60 130 15

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กระบวนการฉีดขึ้นรูปวัสดุผง

นิยมรายงานส่วนผสมเป็นร้อยละโดยปริมาตร (volume%)

ปริมาณตวัประสานอยู่ในช่วง 40-50 vol%

Low density (Al2O3 3.9)

High density (WC-Co 14.93)

Binder (1.1 g/cm3)

60 vol% solids loading => What is the weight % ?

84.2 wt%

95.3 wt%

Feedstock

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กระบวนการฉีดขึ้นรูปวัสดุผง

เพิ่มอุณหภูมิให้กับ feedstock (อุณหภูมิที่ตวัประสานกลายเป็นของเหลว) เพื่อให้ feedstock ถูกฉีดเข้าไปในแม่พมิพ์ได้

http://www.technologystudent.com/equip1/inject1.htm

Injection mouldingFeedstock

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Moulded System

The delivery system provides passage for feedstock from the machine nozzle to the part cavity, generally includes:

a sprue

cold slug wells

a main runner

branch runners

gates

The moulded system includes a delivery system

and moulded parts.

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Injection moulding

: Lab-scale injection

moulding machine

: Industrial-scale injection

moulding machine

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Injection moulding

After moulding, the delivery system is trimmed off and recycled. Therefore, the delivery system is normally designed to consume minimum material, while maintaining the function of delivering feedstock to the cavity in a desirable shape.

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Factors that influence injection pressure requirements

Higher injection

pressure required

http://www.scudc.scu.edu/cmdoc/dg_doc/develop/process/physics/b3200009.htm

Lower injection

pressure required

Part thinkness

Part surface area

Gate size

Flow length

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Factors that influence injection pressure requirements

Higher injection

pressure required

http://www.scudc.scu.edu/cmdoc/dg_doc/develop/process/physics/b3200009.htm

Lower injection

pressure required

Melt temperature

Mould-wall (coolant)

temperature

Ram speed

Melt flow index

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กระบวนการฉีดขึ้นรูปวัสดุผง

Debinding การก าจัดตัวประสาน

1. Thermal debinding สะดวก แต่ นาน

2. Wicking debinding เร็วกว่า แต่ ท าต่อเนื่องไม่ได้

3. Solvent debinding เร็ว แต่ มีข้อจ ากัดกับผงบางชนิด

ตัวท าละลายบางชนิดเป็นพิษ ติดไฟ

4. Catalytic debinding เร็ว แต่ ต้องซื้อ Feedstock ส าเร็จรูป

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กระบวนการฉีดขึ้นรูปวัสดุผง

The binder is degraded to form volatile products.

It diffused through the mouldings to their surfaces.

The formation of gases must be sufficiently slow to prevent bubbles developing and pressure build-up.

This can take up to several days to complete, depending on the thickness of the components.

A model pore geometry during

thermal debinding

(German and Bose 1997)

Thermal debinding

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กระบวนการฉีดขึ้นรูปวัสดุผง

The components are embedded in a wicking material, such as powders of alumina, silica, clay, graphite or zirconia.

This powder bed helps prevent distortion and provides more uniform heating.

The porous wicking powder allows the liquid binder to be drawn out of the component by capillary action.

Wicking debinding

Wicking debinding with an embedded

part in a low density powder with a

small pore size

(German and Bose 1997)

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กระบวนการฉีดขึ้นรูปวัสดุผง

The binder is depolymerised into its monomer using gaseous nitric acid or oxalic acid as a catalyst.

Gaseous formaldehyde is formed and subsequently burnt out. Loading of the debinding

chamber using oxalic acid

solution

(Ebenhoch and Hesse 1994)

Catalytic debinding

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กระบวนการฉีดขึ้นรูปวัสดุผงSolvent debinding

(a) as-moulded state (b) initial state

(c) intermediate state (d) final state

Diagrams of binder distributions (Yang et al. 2003)

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SEM micrograph shows fracture surface of as-moulded specimen (green sample)

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SEM micrograph of a 316L stainless steel specimen

after water leaching for 120 minutes (Anwar et al. 1995)

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กระบวนการฉีดขึ้นรูปวัสดุผง

Water leaching

*B8 is composed of 60vol% powder loading and 85-15 binder composition

- Various times and temperatures

Leaching test on B8 specimens

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Time (hr)

% P

EG

rem

oved

40 °C

60 °C

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Debinding

Thermal debinding

Advantages

- The application of the process is easy as onefurnace can be used for both debinding andsintering.

- The process is safe.

Disadvantages

- The debinding time is long and depends on thethickness of the mouldings.

- Volatile products, generating from the process,result in defects.

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Debinding

Wicking

Advantages

- Debinding time is short compared to thermaldebinding.

- Shape stability is good.

- The process is simple.

Disadvantages

- It is difficult for fine powders, i.e. ceramiccomponents.

- It is not suitable for continuous processing.

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Debinding

Solvent debinding

Advantages

- Debinding time is comparatively short.

- Control of distortion is better, compared tothermal debinding as the process starts from thesurface and gradually continues into the bulk.

Disadvantages

- Powder corrosion is possible.

- Swelling tendency and cracks can be caused bysolvent attack.

- Toxicity and flammability, when organicsolvents are used.

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Debinding

Catalytic debinding

Advantages

- Debinding time is short.

- Highly accurate temperature control is notmandatory.

- Green strength is good.

Disadvantages

- The process is corrosive to some metal powders.

- Toxic gases are created.

- Hydrogen reduction is occasionally required.

- Only premixed feedstocks are available.

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Powder

Injection moulding

Debinding

Sintering

Feedstock

Binder

Powder injection moulding

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Sintering

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Sintering processing effects, adapted from German (1996)

Changes to aid sintering Effects Advantage Drawback

Decrease in particle size Faster sintering

Greater expense

Higher impurity level

Increased hazards

Increase in time Greater expense

Grain growth and

coarsening

Increase in temperature Greater shrinkage

Grain growth

Greater expense

Less precision

Higher properties

Furnace limitations

Pore coarsening

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Increase in green

density

Less shrinkage

Smaller pores

Higher final density

Uniform dimensions

Density gradients

reduced

Increase in alloying/

additives

Higher strength

Homogeneity problems

Higher sintering

temperatures

Use of sintering aids Faster sintering

Lower sintering

temperature

Embrittlement

Distortion

Grain growth control

Changes to aid sintering Effects Advantage Drawback

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Rheology

Greek: rheos = stream current

Rheology is the science of flow and deformation

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www.vscht.cz/sil/sil_cz/seminar/2003/13_Sarraf_Hamid.ppt

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Newtonian Pseudoplastic Dilatant

(shear thinning) (shear thickening)

Sh

ear

stre

ss

Sh

ear

stre

ss

Shear rate Shear rate Shear rate

Vis

cosi

ty

Vis

cosi

ty

Vis

cosi

tyShear rate Shear rate Shear rate

Common flow behaviours