11/1/2016

1

Cellular RespirationCampbell Chapter 9

Slide shows modified from: Glenbrook High School AP site http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm

& Dr. Chuck Downinghttp://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx

http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg

___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food

http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif

In the last chapter green plantsused ________________trap energy from __________ and make ______________

http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

11/1/2016

2

We get our energy from the __________ plants made during _______________ when we eat plants or eat animals that ate the plants.

In this chapter we will learn how ______________ get their energy by consuming other organisms.

Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif

http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm

In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______

What kind of organisms do this?

11/1/2016

3

ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!All organisms burn glucose for fuel

11/1/2016

4

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

___________ + _________ + ___________ →_______________ + __________

_____________ + _________ →________ + __________ + __________

______________________________________________________________

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

OXIDATION REDUCTIONIs Loss of electrons Is Gain of electronsRemove H Add HReleases energy Stores energyExergonic Endergonic

REMEMBER: OIL RIG

Loss of hydrogen atoms

Gain of hydrogen atoms

Energy

http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpg

11/1/2016

5

CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ in ________________.

If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________!

http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif

See why cells use cellular respiration

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

11/1/2016

6

MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plantSurrounded by ___________ membrane

Outer membrane & Inner membrane(called _______________ )

Space between inner membrane & outer membrane

= ____________________

Space inside cristae folds

= _________________

FAD → FADH2

NAD+ → NADH

HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS

11/1/2016

7

See glycolysis movie

The first step in cellular respiration = _______________

Also called _________________________________

• happens in the ________________outside the mitochondria

• occurs _________________________

Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway

• Details of glycolysis

Steps – A fuelmolecule is energized,using ATP.

1 3

1

GlucosePREPARATORY

PHASE(energy investment)Step

2

3

4

Glucose-6-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

Step A six-carbonintermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates.

4

Step A redoxreaction generatesNADH.

55 ENERGY PAYOFF

PHASE

1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)

6

Steps – ATPand pyruvic acidare produced.

6 9 3-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)7

2-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)8

2-Phosphoenolpyruvate(2 molecules)

9

(2 moleculesper glucose molecule)

Pyruvic acid

Fructose-1,6-diphosphate

11/1/2016

8

Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ )

Requires ____________to get it started.

MITOCHONDRION

= using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient

SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

11/1/2016

9

PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP

IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)

IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)

Cellular respiration

•Glycolysis:cytosol; glucose → pyruvate

•Kreb’s Cycle:•mitochondrial matrix; •pyruvate → CO2

•NADH made

Electron Transport Chain:cristae; NADH & FADH2 donate

electrons → oxygen

11/1/2016

10

Pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion and Acetyl CoA produced

For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA 1 molecule of CO2 is released;NAD+ ---> NADH;Coenzyme A (from B vitamin) Krebs Cycle Animation-

Kreb’s Cycle =Citric Acid Cycle

OAA CITRIC ACID

Krebs Cycle Animation

11/1/2016

11

Kreb’s Cycle• Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s

from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid• CoA recycles• 2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO2

For each pyruvate that enters:2 CO2 released3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH;1 FAD+ reduced to 1 FADH2

(riboflavin, B vitamin);1 ATP molecule

Electron transport chain

11/1/2016

12

More on Making ATP

• Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so theygenerate more ATP than FADH2 electrons, which start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step.

11/1/2016

13

Electron transport chain• ETC includes

Cytochromes Ubiquinone (Q)

• NADH & FADH2 pass electrons pass down ETC

• Energy from moving electrons concentrates H+

ions in __________________

• ________________: harnesses the flow of H+

back into the matrix make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)

• ________ is final electron acceptor → ________

Cellular Respiration Grand Total• Glycolysis: →2 ATP

(substrate-level phosphorylation)

• Kreb’s Cycle:→ 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

• Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation:2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP 2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP

38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria)

11/1/2016

14

WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN?

IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)

IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)

Related metabolic processes

Fermentation:

• alcohol~

pyruvate →ethanol

• lactic acid~

pyruvate → lactate

11/1/2016

15

_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

• Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise• CO2 bubbles make air spaces in bread• Alcohol evaporates during cooking

http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg

_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL

Used to makealcoholic beverages

CO2 NAD+

http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg

11/1/2016

16

_______ +_____ →______________ + ________

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

PYRUVIC ACID

Happens in muscles during exercise when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough.

Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness

NAD+

http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg

_______ +_____ →______________ + ________

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID

Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like yogurt, cheese,buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi

NAD+

http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpghttp://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html

11/1/2016

17

WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full.

Eventually glycolysis will

WHY DO FERMENTATION?WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS?

NAD+

_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____

FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________

needed to keep glycolysis going

PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL CO2

LACTIC ACID

You get the NAD+ carriers back

______

11/1/2016

18

__________________________= organisms that can make ATP using

either fermentation or cellular respiration

Ex: yeast and many bacteria

With oxygen pyruvate → Krebs cycle

Without oxygen → fermentation

Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel

__________________=breakdown of fatty acids into 2 carbon fragments that enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA

1 g of fat → twice as muchATP as 1 g of carbohydrate

11/1/2016

19

Evolutionary Significance• Most widespread metabolic pathway… suggests ancient

prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP before oxygen was present

• Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago

• Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound organelles suggests it was found in early prokaryotic cellssince eukaryotes appeared 1 billion years after prokaryotes (Endosymbiotic theory)

VOCAB OVERLOAD ?

11/1/2016

20

CHEMIOSMOSIS

http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html

Chloroplasts do it to make ATP in light reactions

Mitochondria do itto make ATP following ETC

Prokaryotes creategradient across cellmembrane to make ATPto pump nutrients & waste and move flagella

= Using hydrogen gradient generated by thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosynthesis to make ATP

CHLOROPLAST

11/1/2016

21

MITOCHONDRION

= using proton gradient created by electron transport chain in cristae membrane to make ATP

11/1/2016

22

MITOCHONDRION

= using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient