cells: structure & function microscope invented! the first compound microscope was created...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cells: Structure & Function
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Microscope Invented!• The first compound
microscope was created around 1650 by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
Leeuwenhoek
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Cells are discovered!
• The first cells seen were of cork.
• Robert Hooke viewed them under a simple microscope developed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
• Hooke described what he saw as “cells,” as those occupied by monks in monastaries
Robert Hooke
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Cell Theory Proposed by Schleiden, Schwann, & Virchow
• All organisms are composed of cells.
• All cells come from preexisting cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure & function.
Virchow
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Cell Types:
• Prokaryotic: simple cells that do not have a membrane bound nucleus
E. coli
Staphlococcus
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Cell Types:
• Eukaryotic: more advanced cells which do have a membrane bound nucleus.
Paramecium
Ameoba
Euglena
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Cell Size
• Cells tend to be microscopic because of diffusion.
• If cells become to large, particles cannot efficiently move in or out of the cell.
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Diffusion
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Typical Animal Cell
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Typical Plant Cell
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Cell Structures & their Function:
• The following slides contain the name of the cell organelle along with a picture you have glued onto the back of an index card.
• You are to write the name & function on the back of the picture.
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Cell Wall
• Plant, Fungi, & some bacterial cells.
• Provides support & protection.
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Chloroplast
• Plant cells, some protists & some bacteria.
• Site of photosynthesis (a process used by autotrophs to make sugars)
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Centriole
• Animal cells only.• Special microtubules
(thin tubes of protein that can contract) used to separate chromosomes during cell division.
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Lysosome
• Animal cells only.• Special vacuole
containing enzymes used to destroy pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses – anything considered deadly to the cell).
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Golgi Body
• Packages materials to be secreted from the cell.
• Often described visually as a stack of pancakes.
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Microfilaments & Microtubules
• Provide internal structural support.
• Involved in cell movements, internally & externally.
• Made of protein.
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Mitochondria
• Provides energy from foods in the form of ATP.
• Referred to as the “Powerhouse” of the cell.
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Nucleus
• Contains DNA, the molecule that provides instructions to build protein.
• Often referred to as the “control center” of the cell.
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Nucleolus
• Located inside the nucleus.
• Site of RNA synthesis• FYI – RNA is a “sister
molecule” to DNA, the molecule responsible for your unique characteristics.
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Plasma (Cell) Membrane• Boundary of animal
cells, next to the cell wall in plants.
• Controls the movement of particles in & out of the cell.
• Described as “selectively permeable.”
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Ribosomes
• Site of protein synthesis.
• Not a membrane bound organelle.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Transports the proteins made by its ribosomes throughout the cell.
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Smooth ER
• Involved with the synthesis of lipids (fats & oils).
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Vacuole
• Storage area for foods, water, & wastes.
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Compound Light Microscope
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Images from a CLM
Elodea
Red Blood Cells
Copepod
Radiolarian
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Preparing a Temporary Wet Mount
• Clean the slide then handle slide by edges• Put a drop of water on the slide• Place specimen in drop of water• Cover drop/specimen with glass coverslip
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Types of Transport
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Plasma Membrane
Controls the movement of materials into or out of the cell.
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Plasma Membrane
• It is the chemistry of the membrane that controls the movement of materials in or out.
• Parts of the membrane have a charge which repels ions
• Large molecules must enter through protein channels
• O2, H2O, and CO2 can all easily pass.
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Passive Transport
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration that does not require energy.
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Types of Passive Transport:
• Diffusion
• Facilitated Diffusion
• Osmosis
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Diffusion
• As before, movement of particles from high conctration to low.
• Affected by:• 1. Temperature• 2. Concentration• 3. Pressure• The higher 1,2,3, the
faster the rate of diffusion.
Diffusion Animation
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Facilitated Diffusion
• The movement of particles through channel proteins in the membrane.
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What Osmosis is Not….
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Osmosis• The diffusion of water into or out of a cell• Dependent upon the concentration of particles
inside & outside the cell.• 3 different solutions in which cells can be
exposed:
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Isotonic
• “Iso” means equal.
• A cell placed into this type of solution will not gain or lose water.
• Example: Contact saline & your eyeball cells.
• This is the type of solution preferred by animal cells.
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Hypotonic
• “Hypo-” means less particles.• A cell placed in this type of solution will
gain more water than it loses.• Example: Tap water & eyeball cells.• This type of solution is preferred by plants;
it causes animal cells to lyse (burst).
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Hypertonic
• “Hyper-” means more particles.• A cell placed in this type of solution will lose
more water than it gains.• Example: A salt water solution & throat cells. • Plant cells placed in this type of solution
plasmolize (cell membrane rips away from cell wall)
• Animal cells will shrivel up.
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When Membranes are Impermeable:
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Elodea in a Hypertonic Solution:
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Elodea in a Hypotonic Solution:
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Active Transport
• The movement of particles against their normal flow (concentration gradient)
• Requires energy• Analogy: rowing upstream.
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Types of:
• Endocytosis: bringing in of particles, See p. 103.
a. Pinocytosis - bringing in of liquids
b. Phagocytosis - bringing in of large particles