CELLSCELLSCELLULAR COMPONENTS CELLULAR COMPONENTS

& PROCESES& PROCESES

MODERN CELL THEORYMODERN CELL THEORY

The cell theory states 3 facts The cell theory states 3 facts that scientist know about that scientist know about all cells.all cells.

1. The cell is the basic unit of 1. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. structure and function. (Keeps things alive)(Keeps things alive)

2. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Unicellular or Multicellular)

3. All cells come from other cells.

..

There are two types of cells:There are two types of cells:

1.1. Prokaryotic-Prokaryotic- cells that DO NOT cells that DO NOT have a nucleus or other cell have a nucleus or other cell ORGANELLESORGANELLES

2.2. Eukaryotic-Eukaryotic- cells with a cells with a NUCLEUS & cell ORGANELLESNUCLEUS & cell ORGANELLES

REMEMBER REMEMBER YOUYOU ARE ARE EUKARYOTIC!EUKARYOTIC!

Eukaryotic Cell (Animal Cell)

The parts of a cell that carry The parts of a cell that carry out a function (Jobs) are called out a function (Jobs) are called cell cell ORGANELLESORGANELLES::

AllAll cells have the following cells have the following organelles:organelles:Cell MembraneCell MembraneCytoplasmCytoplasmRibosomes (Make proteins)Ribosomes (Make proteins)DNA- Deoxyribonucleic AcidDNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid

ORGANELLES ORGANELLES

little “organs” of the cell little “organs” of the cell Organelles are present in BOTH Organelles are present in BOTH

plant cells and animal cellsplant cells and animal cells Carry out cellular functions Carry out cellular functions

(jobs)(jobs) Break down materialsBreak down materials RepairRepair Storage Storage

Eukariotic OrganellesEukariotic Organelles

Some organelles are only Some organelles are only found in Eukaryotic Cells found in Eukaryotic Cells (plant and animal cells)(plant and animal cells)

Don’t Forget—all cells have Don’t Forget—all cells have DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasmDNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm

Both Plant and Animal CellsNucleusMitochondriaEndoplasmic ReticulumVacuoles

Animal Cell Plant CellCentriole Cell Wall

Chloroplast

Nucleus Nucleus

cellular cellular control centercontrol center Controls cellular activityControls cellular activity

contains contains hereditaryhereditary material material (DNA in chromosomes) (DNA in chromosomes)

self duplicatingself duplicating structure - structure -divides when the cell divides divides when the cell divides

Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane

surrounds nucleus allowing surrounds nucleus allowing certain materials to enter and certain materials to enter and leave leave

Ribosomes Ribosomes

sites of sites of protein synthesisprotein synthesis in the in the cytoplasm cytoplasm

may be free in the cytoplasm or may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic attached to the endoplasmic reticulum reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

In charge of In charge of storage, synthesis, storage, synthesis, and transportand transport of materials within of materials within the cell the cell

Breaks down drugsBreaks down drugs

““HIGHWAY” for cell transportHIGHWAY” for cell transport

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

over 80 % water over 80 % water ““HOLDS” cell organelles in placeHOLDS” cell organelles in place site of most organelles and site of most organelles and

cellular cellular chemical reactionschemical reactions

Vacuole Vacuole

Two Types:Two Types: Storage Storage vacuole--store and digest vacuole--store and digest

ingested (eaten) food or stores H2Oingested (eaten) food or stores H2O

ContractileContractile vacuole-pumps excess vacuole-pumps excess water from cells maintaining water from cells maintaining homeostasishomeostasis

Plant Plant Cells Cells have have very very LARGE LARGE vacuolevacuoles to s to store A store A LOT of LOT of waterwater

Lysosome Lysosome

digest bacteria and foods digest bacteria and foods entering the cell entering the cell

breakdownbreakdown worn out cell worn out cell organelles organelles

Mitochondria Mitochondria "Powerhouse of the cell" "Powerhouse of the cell"

““Mighty” mitochondriaMighty” mitochondria

carries on carries on cellular respirationcellular respiration – how – how are cells use oxygen to make are cells use oxygen to make energyenergy

Energy=ATPEnergy=ATP

Golgi apparatus (complex) Golgi apparatus (complex)

usually located near the nucleus usually located near the nucleus

Packages waste & harmful Packages waste & harmful materials to be sent out of the materials to be sent out of the cellcell

Cell membrane Cell membrane The cell membrane is The cell membrane is SEMI-PERMEABLESEMI-PERMEABLE

(selectively permeable)(selectively permeable)

Only some things (selected things) can Only some things (selected things) can enter the cellenter the cell

ANIMAL CELL ORGANELE ANIMAL CELL ORGANELE ONLYONLY

Centriole-Centriole- looks like spaghetti looks like spaghetti Helps animal cells divide Helps animal cells divide

PLANT CELL ORGANELLES PLANT CELL ORGANELLES ONLYONLY Cell Wall-Cell Wall- surrounds and supports surrounds and supports

the cell the cell Gives the plant cell structure & Gives the plant cell structure &

supportsupport ChloroplastsChloroplasts- green in color- contain - green in color- contain

the green pigment chlorophyll the green pigment chlorophyll which carries on photosynthesis which carries on photosynthesis Uses the sun’s energy to make food Uses the sun’s energy to make food

for the plantfor the plant

Movement inside the Cell

The cell is always exchanging “things” with what is outside

Objects such as glucose (sugar), water, salt and wastes need to move into or out of the cell

There are three types of movement

Types of movement in Cells Types of movement in Cells

1.Passive transport 1.Passive transport - movement of - movement of substances through a membrane substances through a membrane from an area of high concentration from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to an area of low concentration

o No energy needed (ATP) –No energy needed (ATP) –o From a crowded area to a less From a crowded area to a less

crowded areacrowded area

Traveling through the cell membrane

Two types of Passive Transport (no ATP)Diffusion and Osmosis

The goal of both is to reach The goal of both is to reach EQUILIBRIUMEQUILIBRIUM within the cell within the cell

An equal amount inside and outside An equal amount inside and outside the cell (neither is crowded)the cell (neither is crowded)

DiffusionDiffusion When molecules move from an When molecules move from an

area of area of higher concentrationhigher concentration to to an area of an area of lower concentrationlower concentration

OsmosisOsmosis The movement of water through a The movement of water through a

membrane from a region of higher to membrane from a region of higher to lower concentrationlower concentration

SoluteSolute - substance being dissolved in a - substance being dissolved in a liquid (ex. salt) liquid (ex. salt)

SolventSolvent - substance doing the dissolving - substance doing the dissolving (ex. water) (ex. water)

Semi-permeable membraneSemi-permeable membrane (selectively (selectively permeable)-allows some molecules to pass permeable)-allows some molecules to pass but not others but not others

So, describe how “Kool-Aid”® is So, describe how “Kool-Aid”® is made with regard to the terms made with regard to the terms “solute” and “solvent”. What is “solute” and “solvent”. What is the “universal solvent”?the “universal solvent”?

Types of Movement2.Active transport 2.Active transport - movement of - movement of

substances through a substances through a membrane from an area of low membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration to an area of high concentration – concentration –

o requires energy (ATP)requires energy (ATP)o going into a crowded areagoing into a crowded area

ExocytosisExocytosis-- the movement the movement of a substance of a substance out of the cellout of the cell

EndocytosisEndocytosis-- the movement the movement of a substance of a substance into the cellinto the cell

PhagocytosisPhagocytosis-- cytoplasm of cell cytoplasm of cell surrounds and surrounds and engulfs particle—engulfs particle—

ex. White blood ex. White blood cell engulfs a cell engulfs a bacteria (antigen) bacteria (antigen) and kills itand kills it