Cell Structure and Cell Structure and FunctionFunction

1665 Robert Hooke coined the term “cells”1665 Robert Hooke coined the term “cells”

1830 Schleiden and Schwann 1830 Schleiden and Schwann

All living things are composed of cellsAll living things are composed of cells

Cell is the basic unit of lifeCell is the basic unit of life

Cell TheoryCell Theory

1850s Virchow 1850s Virchow

All cells come from pre-existing cellsAll cells come from pre-existing cells

1668 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek1668 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

What are some general What are some general characteristics of all cells?characteristics of all cells?

1. Plasma membrane1. Plasma membrane

2. Genetic information (DNA) 2. Genetic information (DNA)

3. Chemical reactions 3. Chemical reactions

4. Cytoplasm- 4. Cytoplasm- all material inside the P.M. and all material inside the P.M. and outside the nucleus which includes water, salts, and outside the nucleus which includes water, salts, and organic molecules. (Some cell’s cytoplasm includes organic molecules. (Some cell’s cytoplasm includes organelles).organelles).

What are the two major What are the two major types of cells?types of cells?

1. Prokaryotic cells (no nucleus)1. Prokaryotic cells (no nucleus)

2. Eukaryotic cells (have a nucleus)2. Eukaryotic cells (have a nucleus)

Archaea- prokaryotes such as those that live Archaea- prokaryotes such as those that live in extreme habitatsin extreme habitats

Bacteria- Bacteria-

Strep, Staph, and CyanobacteriaStrep, Staph, and Cyanobacteria

““Protists”, Fungi, Plants, and AnimalsProtists”, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

Eukaryotic Cell (Animal Eukaryotic Cell (Animal Cell)Cell)

A. NucleusA. Nucleus

The control center of the cellThe control center of the cell

Nucleolus – is where ribosomes are madeNucleolus – is where ribosomes are made

Chromatin - DNA and ProteinChromatin - DNA and Protein

What does a nucleus contain?What does a nucleus contain?

B. B. RibososmesRibososmesSites of protein synthesisSites of protein synthesis

The proteins made here will function The proteins made here will function as enzymes within the cytosolas enzymes within the cytosol

1.1. Free Ribosomes- Free Ribosomes-

Two Types of RibosomesTwo Types of Ribosomes

2. Bound Ribosomes-2. Bound Ribosomes-Attached to Rough ERAttached to Rough ER

The proteins made here will become lysosome The proteins made here will become lysosome enzymes, membrane proteins, or secretory enzymes, membrane proteins, or secretory proteinsproteins

C. Endoplasmic C. Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulumNetwork of membranes forming Network of membranes forming

interlocking channelsinterlocking channels

Involved in protein synthesis, membrane Involved in protein synthesis, membrane production, and transporting.production, and transporting.

1.1. Rough ER Rough ER (contains ribosomes)(contains ribosomes)

Two Types of ERTwo Types of ER

The proteins made here will become lysosome The proteins made here will become lysosome enzymes, membrane proteins, or secretory enzymes, membrane proteins, or secretory proteinsproteins

Endoplasmic Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

Involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesisInvolved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

In the liver it helps detoxify drugs.In the liver it helps detoxify drugs.

2. Smooth ER2. Smooth ER

Two Types of ERTwo Types of ER

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum

D. Golgi ComplexD. Golgi ComplexStacks of flat membrane sacksStacks of flat membrane sacks

The cell’s warehouse or Post OfficeThe cell’s warehouse or Post Office

Stores, modifies, packages, and distribute Stores, modifies, packages, and distribute moleculesmolecules

Vesicles Vesicles – are small sacks of membrane– are small sacks of membrane

Golgi Complex Golgi Complex (The Cell’s Distribution Center)(The Cell’s Distribution Center)

Flow of protein within cellFlow of protein within cell

Name a protein that Name a protein that you want to build.you want to build.

Remember it starts with Remember it starts with DNADNA

NucleusNucleus

DNA RNA ProteinDNA RNA Protein

Rough ERRough ER

Golgi ComplexGolgi Complex

Plasma Plasma MembraneMembrane

VesicleVesicle

VesicleVesicle

E. Lysosomes serve as the E. Lysosomes serve as the cell’s digestive systemcell’s digestive system

Lysosomes are vesicles that contain digestive Lysosomes are vesicles that contain digestive enzymesenzymes

Function: digest individual molecules such as Function: digest individual molecules such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates as well as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates as well as complete microorganisms and defective complete microorganisms and defective organelles. organelles.

What are some examples of how What are some examples of how lysosomes are used?lysosomes are used?

The Cell’s PowerhouseThe Cell’s Powerhouse

F. MitochondriaF. Mitochondria are these oval, round, or are these oval, round, or tubular organelles made from a double tubular organelles made from a double membrane system. membrane system.

Sites of aerobic respirationSites of aerobic respiration

Inner and outer membraneInner and outer membrane

Cristae- formed from folding of inner Cristae- formed from folding of inner membranemembrane

Matrix- inner space that contains enzymes Matrix- inner space that contains enzymes that break down food moleculesthat break down food molecules

Mitochondrion Mitochondrion (The Cell’s Powerhouse)(The Cell’s Powerhouse)

The Cell’s OrganizerThe Cell’s OrganizerThe Cytoskeleton is a 3-D network of 3 The Cytoskeleton is a 3-D network of 3 different protein filaments that is responsible different protein filaments that is responsible for the shape, internal organization, and for the shape, internal organization, and movement of a cell.movement of a cell.

The 3 types of filamentsThe 3 types of filamentsMicrotubulesMicrotubules- guide vesicles through the cell - guide vesicles through the cell and help form cilia and flagella. and help form cilia and flagella. VIDEO

MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments - help Amoeba and WBCs - help Amoeba and WBCs crawl and cause muscle cells to contract crawl and cause muscle cells to contract VIDEO

Intermediate filamentsIntermediate filaments- networks of these - networks of these filaments help determine a cell’s shapefilaments help determine a cell’s shape

LocomotionLocomotion

Immune Response showing macrophages in actionImmune Response showing macrophages in action

How are plant cells different?How are plant cells different?

Cell Cell wallwall

Central Central vacuolevacuole

ChloroplastsChloroplasts

A Plant Cell is a Eukaryotic A Plant Cell is a Eukaryotic CellCell

Thylakoids Thylakoids contain contain chlorophyll which traps light chlorophyll which traps light energyenergy

ChloroplastsChloroplasts are plastids that are plastids that contain the green pigment contain the green pigment chlorophyll and are the sites of chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis. photosynthesis.

Stroma Stroma is the fluid filled space is the fluid filled space w/in the chloroplast where COw/in the chloroplast where CO2 2

is converted into glucoseis converted into glucose

Internal structure of chloroplastsInternal structure of chloroplasts

ChloroplastChloroplast

Other plastids include:Other plastids include:

Amyloplasts- stores starchAmyloplasts- stores starch

Chromoplasts- synthesize and Chromoplasts- synthesize and retain yellow, orange, or red retain yellow, orange, or red pigmentspigments

VacuoleVacuolessAnimal cellsAnimal cells have vacuoles have vacuoles that are mainly used for that are mainly used for storage of food and are often storage of food and are often temporary.temporary.

Plant cellsPlant cells have large central have large central vacuoles that may occupy 50-vacuoles that may occupy 50-90% of the cell interior.90% of the cell interior.

Functions of the central Functions of the central vacuolevacuole

Maintain the cell’s Maintain the cell’s water water balancebalance

Storage:Storage: pigments, ions, pigments, ions, proteins, and poisons for proteins, and poisons for defensedefense

Turgor pressureTurgor pressure- the pressure - the pressure of the water w/in the CV of the water w/in the CV pushes the cytoplasm against pushes the cytoplasm against the cell wall.the cell wall.

Disposal of metabolic waste Disposal of metabolic waste (toxins)(toxins)

Central VacuoleCentral Vacuole