cavinato tirana 2011 final - lessons learnt in risk preparedness for cultural heritage sites: rome...

Gian Paolo CavinatoNational Research Council (CNR) - Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering (IGAG)

Lessons Learnt in Risk Preparedness for Cultural Heritage Sites: Rome and L’Aquila experiences

Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering

National Research Council

Italian Civil

Protection

National Service

ONE UN PROJECT TIRANA 19 APRIL 2011


Presentation outline

Geohazard vs. risk in urban areas

Geohazard assessment

UrbiSIT Project• Geohazard vs. risk in Italy

• Goal

• Structure

• Activities and results

L’Aquila earthquake

Palatine Project


Population in megacities


Natural disasters in urban areas - World

source: http://www.preventionweb.net/english/

Risk = Hazard x Elements at risk x Vulnerability


Geohazard assessment in the World


Urban areas in Italy

31.7 million of peoplelive in urban areas,equal to 55.4 % of theItalian population.

18.7 million of people livein 76 main boroughs*,equal to 32.7 % of theItalian population.

* with more than 50.000 citizens

Light pollution from satellite


Natural disasters - Italy in EuropeEurope Italy

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What’s UrbiSIT Project?

DEM

Geology

Subsoil database

Damage inventories

UrbiSITUrbiSIT

Interferometry

Land use

UrbiSIT is a project financed by the Italian Civil Protection National Service to develop a GIS

aimed at geohazard assessment in urban areas


UrbiSIT Project: numbers and structure

UrbiSIT is a five-years project (December 2007-November 2012).

UrbiSIT is financed by Italian Civil Protection National Service for 450.000 € per year (for a total of 2.250.000 €).

UrbiSIT consists of 6 workpackages (WP1-6) and several research units, involving people (more than 30 scientists) from earth science, engineering, physics, archaeology, and informatics.


WebGIS interfaceWebGIS interface

UrbiSIT Project: activities and products

Differentialsettlements Landslides Seismic

hazardCavity

collapseFlashfloods

Small scaleState, Region

Large scaleSite-specific

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Small scaleMunicipality,

Neighborhood

THEMATICKEY

PRODUCTS

GEOGRAPHIC

DATABASEGEOHAZARD

ASSESSMENT

Data storage and managing via


UrbiSIT Project: WebGIS interface


Differential settlements


Subsoil database of Rome

More than 2000 boreholes penetrate the recent alluvial

deposits.Laboratory tests available for

approximately 700 samples.

More than 8000 boreholes.

Data sources:Laboratorio di Idrogeologia di Roma TREComune di RomaAPAT –

Legge n. 464/1984ANAS S.p.A. ITALFERR Gruppo Ferrovie dello StatoGeoplanning – Servizi per il territorioS.G.S. Studio Geotecnico Strutturale S.I.G. Studio Indagini GeotecnicheIGES s.n.c.

BOREHOLE (BH) PK, FK2 Id_Data

FK1 Id_BH_Type

FK3 Id_Use

BH_Depth…

BOREHOLE (BH) TYPE

PK ID_BH_Type

Description

BOREHOLE (BH) STRATIGRAPHY

PK Id_Strat

FK1 Id_Data

Id_Old_Strat

Id_Old_Data

Strat_Top

Strat_Bot

Strat_Top_a.s.l.

Strat_Bot_a.s.l.

Original_Description…


-40 m a.s.l.

-30 m a.s.l.

-5 m a.s.l.

5 m a.s.l.

G.R.A.

More than 70 mof alluvial deposits

Tiber River alluvial deposits - Architecture


Settlement susceptibility index (Iδ

) - Critical zones

Tevere

Aniene

5 km

AOA nnAO,jA,i

δi=1 j=1A,i AO,j

Δz I Δz IδI = = + q E E∑ ∑


Gravels

Sands

Silts

Clays

Organic clays

No estimation

borehole

Ponte Milvio

Castel S. Angelo

3D model of the alluvial deposits of the Tiber River (Ponte Milvio‐Castel S. Angelo)

Mapping the settlement susceptibility index (Iδ

)


Map of Iδ

susceptibility index vs. interferometric map

source: http://webgis.irea.cnr.it

Mapping the settlement susceptibility index (Iδ

)

Via Andrea Doria, after the L’Aquila earthquake of the 6 April 2009


L’Aquila earthquake


Managing Emergency Activities

ACQUISITION OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS AND SUBSURFACE DATA

FIELD MAPPING OF COSEISMIC DEFORMATIONS

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE SITES IDENTIFIED FOR REBUILDING

HYDROGEOLOGICAL, GEOMORPHOLOICAL, AND GEOPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SITES CHOSEN FOR REBUILDING

SEISMIC MICROZONATION

http://www.protezionecivile.it/


New criteria for seismic microzonation


Goals of Seismic Microzonation:

Identify and define areas with different level of seismic hazard

Evaluate the seismic response of the terrains identified in the microzones for the riduction of the seismic risk

Seismic Microzonation


• Two different technical – scientific approaches for the mitigation of seismic risk:

- Built new infrastructure knowing seismic hazard (reduce uncertainty on geohazard)

-Built new infrastructures following earthquake proof methodologies (reduce the vulnerability)

Microzonation follows the first approach

Seismic microzonation

in Italy

2006


LEVEL I

Output:

Map of the previous surveysMap of Homogeneous zones for seismic microzonation

LIVEL II

Actions:New data acquisitionSimplified numerical modelingOutput:Map of the zones with no-co seismic effects expectedMap of zones prone to co seismic effects (Liquefaction, Active faults, Differential settlements)

LIVEL III

Actions:

New data acquisition

Output:

Map of Seismic Microzonation

Seismic Microzonation


Task 1: Finding, archivage and GIS Georeferencing of the previuos data

Task 2: Geological and geotechnical Models geologico-tecnico (Geologists)

Task 3: Geothecnical Analysis of the terrains (Geotechnics)

Task 4: Geophysical Analysis of the terrains (Geophysics)

Task 5: Instrumental Analyses: H/V Spectral rapport, strong /weak motion and microtremors (seismologist)

Task 6: Numeric Simulation for Earthquake Reference (Geologists and statististics)

Task 7: Numeric Simulation (Geologists and Engineer Geotechnicals)

Task 8: Damage Analysis (Structural Engineers)

Task 9: Urban planning and Building Technical Norm (Architects and Engineers)

Task 10: Final Report, GIS cartographic output, and publication

SEISMIC MICROZONATION

IN THE L’AQUILA AREA: THE TASK PROJECT


GEOLOGICAL MAP

Carta di microzonazione sismica

di San Giuliano di Puglia (CB)


EXAMPLE OF GEOLOGICAL MAP OF S. GREGORIO AREA (L’AQUILA)

FOR SEISMIC MICROZONATION


ROMA EXPERIENCEROMA EXPERIENCE


ROMA GEOLOGICAL ROMA GEOLOGICAL BLOCKBLOCK--DIAGRAMDIAGRAM



Remains of Elephas antiquus in the excavations of Velia hills near the Colosseo (1924-32)



The Palatine Project - Geohazard assessment for Cultural Heritage preservation

Palatine Hill, Roman Forum, and Coliseum:an UNESCO World Heritage Site

Palatine Hill, Roman Forum, and Coliseum circuit:5 millions of visitors in 2010!

High levels of geohazard, mainly due to the lack of overall knowledge in terms of geological setting.

Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Italian Civil Protection National Service, and National Research Council involved in a project aimed at geohazard assessment and Cultural Heritage Preservation of the archaeological area.


GEOHAZARD IN ROME


« DECIVS MARIVS VENANTIVS

BASILIVS V[IR] C[LARISSIMVS] ET INL[VSTRIS] PRAEF[ECTVS]

VRB[I] PATRICIVS CONSVL ORDINARIVS ARENAM ET

PODIVM QVAE ABOMI

NANDI TERRAEMO

TVS RVINA PROS

TRAVIT SVMTV PRO

PRIO RESTITVIT »

Decio Mario Venancio Basilio, and vir clarissimus inlustris, prefect of Rome, patrician, consul ordinary restored at his own expense the arena and the podium, destroyed by a terrible earthquake (484 or 508 b.c)

The Colosseum blocks of travertine were systematically removed in the fifteenth and sixteenth century to be re-used in new buildings, and blocks fell to the ground were still used in 1634 for the construction of Palazzo Barberini in 1703, after another earthquake, the Port of Ripetta.


StepsStepsTimeTime DatasetDataset Main productsMain products

Step 1 02/2009 06/2009

Data from literature

•Geological map on a 1:3,000 scale, with geological cross sections•Hydrogeological map on a 1:3,000 scale

Step 2 07/2009 12/2009

Available data from public archives

•Geological and hydrogeological map on a 1:1,000 scale, with geological cross sections•Geohazard susceptibility map on a 1:1,000 scale•Seismic microzonation map on a 1:1,000 scale (no numeric modeling)

Step 3 01/2010 12/2010

Acquisition of new data

• Geological and lithological map on a 1:2,000 scale, with geological cross sections• Seismic microzonation map on a 1:2,000 scale (numeric modeling)

THE PALATINE PROJECT

The Palatine Project, aimed at geohazard assessment of the hill and surrounding areas, is structured in three subsequent steps of elaboration:

Step 1, founded on dataset from literature;

Step 2, founded on available data from public archives;

Step 3, founded on new data, acquired on purpose.

The Palatine Project - Geohazard assessment for Cultural Heritage preservation


The Palatine Project - New surveys

STEP 3

New surveys:

• 25 geotechnical boreholes (201 already available)

•35 geotechnical samples analyses

•24 ERT (Electrical Resistivity Tomographies)

•11 Down-Hole, 1 Cross-Hole, 19 MASW (Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves)

•5 GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) surveys

•85 Microtremors measurements


Geohazard assessment andseismic microzonationof the Palatine hill,Coliseum, andRoman Forum

100 m

3D view of ERT lines

The Palatine Project - New surveys


The Palatine Project - Geological map


The Palatine Project - Geohazard susceptibility map


LANDSLIDES

Landslides can involve the northern sector of the study area (Domus Tiberiana).

The geological setting of this area bring high levels of geohazard, due to the peculiar attitude of the sedimentary beds curved into the volcanic rocks.

Modified after Croci 2008

After Calabresi & Scarpelli 1998

A

A’

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

A A’

A’

A

Domus Tiberiana

The Palatine Project - Geohazard susceptibility


TOPPLING AND COLLAPSES

Weathering, slope attitude, and fractures of volcanic rocks (tuffs), enhance collapses and toppling of blocks along the north- western slope of the Palatine Hill.

The presence of numerous anthropic tunnels parallel to the slope enhance these phenomena further on.

Toppling

fracturetuff

tuff



CAVITY COLLAPSE

The presence of anthropic cavities highly enhance geohazard due to cavity collapse susceptibility, mainly if tunnels are close to the surface.

Temple of Jupiter: collapse of the foundation

After Forma Urbis, Lanciani 1893-1901

Anthropic tunnel close to the

Magna Mater

sand

tuff

A A’

A

A’

tunnel


Magna Mater

Temple of Jupiter


The Palatine Project - Seismic microzonation map


http://webgis.igag.cnr.it/palatino/

The Palatine Project - Data and products availability


PLANNING DEVELOPMENT

MITIGATION

OF RISK IN URBAN AREAS

PREVENTION PLANNING EMERGENCIES

PROTOCOLS AND PROCEDURES DURING THE

SHARED EMERGENCY AND POST‐EMERGENCY

DEVELOPMENT OF KNOLEDGES, TRAINING, STANDARD METHODS AND TOOLS FOR OPERATIONAL

ASSESSMENT OF GEOLOGICAL HAZARD

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