Causes of the American Civil War

1.Economies 2.Tariffs

3.States’ Rights4.Slavery

5.Cultural Differences

Economies

•The South had an economy based on

agriculture

•The North had an economy based on commerce

and industry.

Tariffs•The South needed to import many finished goods from other countries.

•The North wanted to protect its manufactured goods against foreign goods.

So…

•The South was opposed to tariffs.

•The North favored tariffs.

States’ Rights•The South wanted state sovereignty

•The North wanted national sovereignty

States’ Rights

What is sovereignty?

Power

Cultural Differences

•The Southern culture was based on a planters life. •The Northern

culture was based on an industrialist’s life.

Slavery• In 1860 only about 25% of southerners owned slaves but most southerners felt slave labor was essential for their economy.

•Northerners opposed slavery mainly because of job competition.

1-5 Slaves

6-19 Slaves

20-99 Slaves

100+ Slaves

Example:

The Missouri Compromise

1820

The Missouri Compromise

As America grew the goal was to keep the number of free states

and slave states equal.

In 1818: 11 free states and 11 slave states.

The Missouri Compromise

Missouri was north of Ohio River, and wanted to be a slave

state.

Making it free or slave would tip the balance in Congress.

So what happened?

Senator Henry Clay’s solution:

-Admitted Missouri as a slave state

-Maine as a free state

AND…

Outlawed slavery above the 36º 30´ latitude line in the rest of the Louisiana Territory.

The problem of seeking a balance of slave v. free states continued.

Example:

The Compromise of 1850

•By 1850 6 new states were added to the USA–Free: Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin

–Slave: Arkansas, Florida, Texas

–The balance of Free v. Slave was kept.

.

Questions that needed to be addressed through the Compromise of 1850…

• California wanted to be admitted as a free state…this will create an uneven balance.

• Texas claimed that its territory extended all the way to Santa Fe.

• Washington, D.C.: Not only did the nation's capital allow slavery, it was home to the largest slave market in North America..

So What Happened?• Texas would relinquish the land in dispute; in return, the US would pay off her $10 million debt from the days of being a Republic.

• New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah would be organized so the territories could vote on whether to permit (allow) slavery.

• The slave trade would be abolished in Washington D.C. although slavery would still be permitted.

AND…

So What Happened?

• Finally, California would be admitted as a free state.

• Fugitive Slave Act was passed.

Example: Fugitive Slave Act• The Fugitive Slave Act was very controversial.

• All citizens must help recover runaway slaves, even in the North.

• $1000 fine/6 months in jail for letting a runaway slave escape.

• Freed slaves were always in danger because of this law.

• Southerners support Fugitive Slave Law, Northerners hated it.

Example: Kansas-Nebraska Act

• The Nebraska Territory was a very large section of central USA.

• People wanted this land organized and governed to expand business and railways.

• Nebraska wanted to be a free state, but this would make two more free states than slaves states…no deal for the South.

• Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas drafted a bill to organize Nebraska Territory.

• Douglas wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act using the constitutional principle of popular sovereignty - giving the people the ability to decide between slave and free state.

• The law was passed in 1854, which got rid of the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

Example: Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Decided to divide Nebraska into two– Kansas– Nebraska

• People in those territories would vote and decide on slavery issue for themselves. (popular sovereignty)

• Southerners thought Kansas would vote for slavery so they agreed.

• Northerners hated it!

Example: “Bleeding Kansas”To determine if Kansas would be a slave or free state, Southerners and Northerners rushed to Kansas…

• Pro-slavery and anti-slavery people rushed into Kansas to impact the vote illegally

• Political authorities came into dispute, both sides armed.

• “The Sack of Lawrence” occurred when proslavery mob attacked Lawrence, Kansas

• John Brown, abolitionist extremist with a group of

7 men, murdered 5 proslavery settlers in revenge. These violent events are known as “Bleeding Kansas”

The Dred Scott Case: (Dred Scott v Sandford)

• Sued for his freedom

after his master took

him to Wisconsin, a free

state.

• Claimed he should be

free after his owner

dies.

• Case went to the Supreme

Court.

What happened?• African-Americans are not citizens so had no right to sue

• Scott remains a slave under Missouri law

• Congress cannot ban slavery in any territory

• The Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional

• Taney, speaking for the majority, also ruled that since Scott was considered private property, he was subject to the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which prohibits taking property from its owner "without due process".

So what??

• This ruling means that slaves are still property, not citizens.

• Slaves can be taken anywhere! Even FREE STATES – property cannot be taken from an owner.

• Free states would not really be free states! Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

Example: Abolitionist Newspapers

• Illustrations of slavery published in the Emancipator.

• William Lloyd Garrison publishes the Liberator.

• Newspapers are able to spread anti-slavery message.

• Causes pro and anti slavery unrest.

Example: Nat Turner Rebellion•Slaves rebelled by quiet defiance, striking back or running away•Nat Turner led a bloody uprising in VA to kill every white person they found.•Two days later 57 people had been violently killed.•Revolts panicked white Southerners who tightened slave codes and created harsher punishments.

Example: Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Uncle Tom’s Cabin written by Harriet

Beecher Stowe.

This book told the story of slavery to those who

hadn’t heard it and angered many.

John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry

• A fanatical abolitionist John Brown and his followers seized a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA. They hoped to stir a slave revolt in Virginia and end slavery. He was captured and executed . Brown became a hero to many Northerners.

• He thought God single handedly chose him to end slavery.

http://www.history.com/topics/abolitionist-movement/videos#john-brown

Preston Brooks beats Charles Sumner in Congress with a cane!

Example: Argument in Congress

•Because of the Kansas-Nebraska Acts the Whig party splits and the Republican party is formed.

•Republican Party is formed by Free-Soilers, who are Northern Whigs and Northern Democrats who oppose slavery.

Example: Lincoln-Douglass Debates

• Lincoln ran for Senate for new Republican party

• Senator Stephen Douglas ran for Democrats.

• Lincoln: country could not last ½ slave and ½ free. Douglass disagreed.

• Douglas won 1858 election, but Lincoln is now known to the entire nation as an upcoming political leader.

• Northern and Southern Democrats disagreed about slavery and split cause party to have two candidates

• North: Stephen A. Douglas South: John Breckinridge

• Abraham Lincoln was the only Republican candidate

• Lincoln won the North, Breckinridge won the South

• North had more electoral college votes so Lincoln won the Election of 1860

• The main goal of Lincoln’s presidency was to “Preserve the Union.”

Example: 1860 Abraham Lincoln Elected President

• Many southern states threatened to secede from the Union if Lincoln was elected.

• This is the last straw for many southern states.

• Dec. 1860-South Carolina is the first state to secede.

8-5.2.1Q

• Lincoln promised not to abolish slavery in the South, but white Southerners did not trust him.

• Several southern states feared Republicans would abolish slavery so they seceded; their argument based on states’ rights.

• The Confederate States of America was then formed with Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis as President.

• Lincoln’s Inaugural Address is mostly directed towards the Southern states trying to encourage them not to secede.

http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos#america-divided

…Start of Chapter 16…

The Civil War Begins!!

April 12, 1861-Fort Sumter• Confederate forces took control over most of the federal forts within their borders

• U.S. troops, led by Major Robert Anderson, tried to keep control of Ft. Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina

• The garrison was running low on supplies

• President Lincoln’s Choices Supply the troops or surrender fort.

So…

•Confederate troops attacked Ft. Sumter before supply ships arrived and the bombing lasted for 34 hours.

•Anderson was forced to surrender the fort to the Confederacy.

•No one was killed but this was the 1st battle of the Civil War.

Choosing Sides• Border States: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri would play a key role in the war’s outcome because of their resources and location.

• Keeping Maryland was especially important for the North because of Washington D.C.’s location

• All 4 border states stayed in the Union

Strategies of the War

• Confederate Strategy- defensive because their purpose was to be independent; hoped European countries would side with South for cotton; later on became offensive

• Union Strategy- offensive to get Southern states back – Anaconda Plan

Jefferson Davis

•Was appointed the president of the Confederate States of America.

Generals

• Robert E. Lee led the Confederate troops to stay loyal to his state of Virginia despite Pres. Lincoln’s offer to lead the Union Army. Good strategist.

• Ulysses S. Grant led the Union Army.

• Most successful general appointed by Pres. Lincoln.

• Later became US president.

Generals

First Battle of Bull Run• The Union army wanted to take over Richmond, the Confederate capital

• To do so, they had to defeat the Confederate troops stationed at Manassas, Virginia

• July 21, 1861, Union forces commanded by General Irvin McDowell attacked Confederate forces led by General Pierre Beauregard near a Creek called Bull Run

• A confederate officer rallied his troops by declaring, “There is Jackson standing like a stone wall! Rally behind the Virginians!”

• Thomas J. Jackson = “Stonewall Jackson”

• Additional Confederate troops arrived and they launched a countercharge with the “rebel yell”.

• In a panic, Union troops scattered and it was a victory for the Confederates

• The South was thrilled with their victory at Bull Run and thought the war was won.

• The North was shocked at their loss and realized it had underestimated its opponent.

• Lincoln sent the 90-day militias home and called for a real army of 500,000 volunteers for three years.

Changes in Military Technology• Improvements in the weaponry had a major impact on the war

• Battle tactics changed which increased the number of casualties

• Rifles with minié balls- gun that causes a bullet to spin in the air-could shoot farther and with better accuracy

• Ironclad ships- warships covered with iron-were an improvement over wooden ships.

http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/videos#civil-war-tech

Monitor vs. Merrimack

• March 9, 1862 Confederate Virginia (originally the Merrimack) and Union Monitor battled off the coast of VA.

• 1st ironclad battle

• After 4 hours of fire, the battle ended in a draw.

Bloody Antietam

• Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee invaded Maryland; hoped this would show South was capable of winning.

• Reasons for invading:– 1. Crucial to attack the North while they are down– 2. Victory in the North could force Lincoln to talk peace

– 3. Invasion could give Virginia farmers a rest from war during harvest season

– 4. Still hoping for European support

• Lee’s plans to continue his campaign in the North were left discovered by Northern troops.

Battle of Antietam

• The captured plans gave Union General McClellan the opportunity to go stop Lee’s troops.

• Clashed at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland

• Bloodiest day in all of American history

• After fighting all day, 25,000 were dead or wounded.

• Lee retreated to Virginia- McCellan did not follow

• Because Lee was stopped this is considered a Union victory.

• General McClellan could have crushed the remaining Confederate Army if he had followed them but he did not follow.

• Lincoln fired McClellan.

• Europe refused to give support to the South.

• Lincoln was now prepared for his next action!

…End of Chapter 16…

(Ch. 17)- Emancipation Proclamation• Many abolitionists pressured Lincoln to emancipate slaves.

• Lincoln hesitated; he did not believe the Constitution gave gov’t the right to end slavery where it already existed.

• Top priority was to keep Union together.

• After the victory of Antietam, Lincoln decided that freeing slaves would weaken Southern strength and morale.

• Jan. 1, 1863 Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation.

• Freed all slaves in Confederate territory. (Very few people were actually freed because most slaves were too far away for Union troops to enforce the law)

• Lincoln could not end slavery in USA because of Const. but he could as military action towards the South.

http://www.history.com/topics/emancipation-proclamation/videos#gilder-lehrman-the-emancipation-proclamation

The 54th Massachusetts Regiment• 54th Massachusetts was one of the first African American Regiments of the Civil War.

• Two of Frederick Douglass’ sons belonged to the regiment.

• The 54th fought for the Union at Fort Wagner, South Carolina.

• African American soldiers faced execution instead of becoming a prisoner of war if they were captured.

• William Carney served with the 54th

Massachusetts and won the Medal of Honor for

his actions at Fort Wagner. http://www.history.com/topics/the-54th-massachusetts-infantry/videos#gilder-lehrman-massachussetts-54th

Gettysburg

• Confederate and Union troops ran into each other at Gettysburg, PA in July of 1863.

• Battle lasted for 3 days.

• Union troops were able to weaken Confederate troops.

•Death toll:–23,000 Union men dead–28,000 Confederate men dead

• Considered a Union victory and turning point battle.

• South will never make offensive attack again and General Lee led his army back to Virginia.

http://www.history.com/topics/battle-of-gettysburg/videos#last-charge-at-gettysburg

Gettysburg Address

• Pres. Lincoln spoke at the cemetery for soldiers killed in Battle of Gettysburg.

• Gave short speech:– Declared the nation is founded on “the proposition that all men are created equal.”

– The fight for

democracy should

continue so that

“government of the

people, by the

people, for the

people shall not perish from the earth.”

http://www.history.com/topics/battle-of-gettysburg/videos#gilder-lehrman-gettysburg-address

The Siege of Vicksburg

• Grant’s Union Army defeats Confederate troops at the Siege of Vicksburg (Miss.)

• Long battle (siege) lasted from May-July 1863.

• Grant’s troops surrounded the city and prevented the delivery of food and supplies.

• Confederate soldiers ran out of food and had to eat mules, dogs, and rats!

• Union’s “Anaconda Plan” was fulfilled.

• After victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, the war turns in favor of the North.

• Union General Ulysses S. Grant defeated Confederate troops at Vicksburg, Mississippi.

• Vicksburg was the last major Southern stronghold on the Mississippi River.

• With the Union control of the

Mississippi River,

the Confederacy

is now split into

two.http://www.history.com/videos/the-union-siege-of-vicksburg#the-union-siege-of-vicksburg

Sherman’s Total War

• Gen. Sherman was ordered by new Gen. Grant to take control of Atlanta and rest of Deep South.

• Moved from Tenn. to attack Atlanta.

• Swept through the rest of Georgia destroying everything along the way to Savannah.

• Total War: war against troops and things that support troops – crops, railroads, burned & looted towns.

• This attack affected troops and citizens.

• Sherman’s destruction made most Southerners bitter about rejoining the Union.

Lincoln’s Re-election• Northern victory streak helped Lincoln with re-election campaign.

• Lincoln won 55% of popular vote and re-election.

• Lincoln wanted a speedy end to the war: “With malice toward none; with charity for all…cherish a just , and a lasting peace.”

Appomattox Courthouse, VA

Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

• Lee sent a message to Grant that he was ready to surrender.

• April 9, 1865 Lee and Grant met in small town of Appomattox Court House, VA

• Lee was offered generous terms: after laying down arms, Confederates could return home, taking their possessions & horses.

Lincoln’s Assassination

http://www.history.com/videos/the-other-side-of-lincoln-lincolns-assassination#the-other-side-of-lincoln-lincolns-assassination

Lincoln’s Assassination• 5 days after Lee’s surrender Lincoln and his wife went to Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C.

• During the play John Wilkes Booth shot President Lincoln.

• This was a part of a larger plot to kill several government officials such as Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward.

• Lincoln first President to be assassinated.

Reconstruction Amendments• Union army, both during & after the War, notified slaves of their freedom.

• January 1865, 13th (Free) Amendment passed and slavery became illegal.

• 14th (Citizens) Amendment, Republicans wanted equality and citizenship for all people to be protected in the Constitution.

• Amendment made former slaves citizens and protected equal rights, but not suffrage for African Americans.

Reconstruction Amendments

• 15th (Vote) Amendment, Stated citizens couldn’t be stopped from voting based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

• Made many educated white women very angry.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pemkR3k3kyM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCvxKIb7P8A

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPzB2cEzuFM