CarsCarsAn IntroductionAn Introduction

CarsCarsTo be able to:

All Most Some

To understand the history of cars

(MYP 2/3)

To explain which Scientists were involved in the history of cars

(MYP 3/4)

Describe how the history of cars has effected society, politics and economics

(MYP 6/6)

Criteria A,C

Cars…….

What do you already know?

You are going to relate all your learning this semester to a car of your choice.

You will keep a scrap book which will be assessed at the end of the topic….. This will go towards your end grade.

You will be expected to work on this through out the topic.

Homework Homework

Your Homework is to pick your car for the topic……

Find a picture of it and stick into your scrap book! Also find some basic info about

it......Name – make and model?

Engine size?Made where ?

Cost?

You will use the internet to research the questions……..

ICT ActivityICT Activity

To be able to:

All Most Some

To understand the history of cars

(MYP 2/3)

To explain which Scientists were involved in the history of cars

(MYP 3/4)

Describe how the history of cars has effected society, politics and economics

(MYP 6/6)

Criteria A,C

CarsCars

MetalMetals s

To be able to:

All Most Some

Understand what metals are.

(MYP 2/3)

To explain the properties of metals.

(MYP 3/4)

Explain why metals are used for certain jobs.

(MYP 6/6)Criteria A,C

Matter is divided into 3 Matter is divided into 3

components:components:

• Elements

• Compounds

• Mixtures

ElementsElementsAll elements are on the Periodic Table

All matter is made of an element or a combination of elements e.g. Hydrogen, Oxygen, Gold

Elements are made up of atoms.

Elements cannot be changed into simpler substances by any chemical process.

There are 109 of these known to man

REPRESENTED BY A SYMBOL = A CAPITAL LETTER ONLY or ONE CAPITAL LETTER

FOLLOWED BY ONE LOWER CASE LETTER.

•The letters are found in the name or are a derivation from a Greek or Latin name.

e.g. Beryl = Be for Beryllium and Hydrargyrum = Hg for mercury.

•Sometimes elements are named after famous people or places. e.g. Einsteinium and Francium.

Quiz 1Quiz 1Name some elements given their symbol.

 Al - aluminium Au- gold Br- bromine

 Cl - chlorineCu- copper Hg- mercury K- potassium P- phosphorous S- sulfur

 Zn- zinc W- tungstun Ti- Ti - titaniumcpa@pac 12

0

Quiz 2Quiz 2Write down some symbols given the name some

elements. Calcium- Ca Iron- Fe Nitrogen- N

 Lead- Pb Oxygen- O Hydrogen- H

Sodium- Na Argon- Ar Lithium- Li

Silicon- Si Carbon- C Magnesium- Mg

cpa@pac 13

Pure substances made up of more than one element put together by chemically combining elements.

Represented by a formulaThis is a collection of symbols e.g H20 CO2 C6H12O6

CompoundsCompounds

Substances that can be broken down by chemical methods.

When they are broken down, the pieces have completely different properties than the compound.

Made of molecules: two or more atoms

MixturesMixtures

• Matter that consists of two or more substances mixed together: but not chemically combined or bonded.

• Examples: concrete, Sea Water, a bag full of different coloured marbles.

The periodic table lists all the known elements, arranged according to the similarities in their properties.

What type of elements are between metals and non-metals?

Metalloids.

Metals are on the left and in

the centre.

Non-metals are mostly on

the right.

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Metal, Non-metal or Metal, Non-metal or Metalloid?Metalloid?

What are some common properties of metals? solid

dense and strong

ductile (can be pulled into wires)

malleable (easily shaped)

high melting and boiling points

conduct heat and electricity

shiny

sonorous (make a sound)

Do all metals have these properties?

Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals

Comparing Metals and Comparing Metals and Non-metals Non-metals

Metals and Non-Metals and Non-metals: metals:

true or false?true or false?

Can all metals do the same job?

Using MetalsUsing Metals

The right metal for the The right metal for the job!job!

Materials Materials

To be able to:

All Most Some

Describe what cars are made from(MYP 2/3)

To explain why certain materials are used to make cars

(MYP 3/4)

How materials have changed over time

(MYP 6/6)Criteria A,C

What materials are cars made from?

Why?

Car MaterialsCar Materials

Most cars are made of steel, cast iron, aluminum, chrome plate, many types

of plastic, rubber, glass,

Super-expensive cars often use carbon fiber and titanium.

Car materials these days are chosen to; reduce weight,

save costsmake cars more environmentally friendly.

Steel as a car material today is found only in their frames, such as the car's hood, trunk lid

and the roof.

The balance of the car's body is a composite of fiberglass and poly carbon material, which is

lightweight and shock-absorbent.

Car Materials

Solid steel and cast iron are no longer the car materials preferred for car engines any more.

These metals are too valuable and too heavy to use in the engine, which is subject to corrosion, rust and metal friction at high temperatures.

Aluminum is now the standard car material for engine blocks in virtually every car made.

.

Car Materials

Petrochemical engineering is the source of most car materials for the interiors of modern

cars.

They represent a triumph over nature as they are water-resistant, preventing the growth of

mold and mildew.

Polyvinyl chlorides, polypropylene ultra-fine fibers and other synthetic materials make up the car's interior from the dashboard cover to

the floor mats.

Car MaterialsCar Materials

Some manufacturers are using natural fibers such as hemp for lining and

cushioning the headliner (where the sun visors are attached).

A large part of the car's interior is now lined with sound-absorbing cushions of

polypropylene.

Car MaterialsCar Materials

Think the car material in your tyres is pure rubber?

Think again.

The latex in rubber degrades quickly in humid conditions, even after the

vulcanization process which makes rubber firmer.

Now a composite of synthetic fibers, steel fiber belts for improved traction, and rubber

are used to make car tyres.

Car MaterialsCar Materials

In your scrapbook draw a table. In the table make a list of the types of materials

used in your modern car and state the positive and negative aspects of these.

Do the same for your old car.

Use the template in your student booklet as a guide.

Materials Materials HomeworkHomework

Materials Materials To be able to:

All Most Some

Describe what cars are made from

(MYP 2/3)

To explain why certain materials are used to make cars

(MYP 3/4)

How materials have changed over time

(MYP 6/6)

Criteria A,C

States of MatterStates of Matter

To be able to:

All Most Some

What is matter?

(MYP 2/3)

To explain what are the states of matter

(MYP 3/4)

Explain matter using the particle theory

(MYP 6/6)

(a) Particles in solid

(b) Particles in liquid

(c) Particles in gas

Solid, Liquid, GasSolid, Liquid, Gas

SolidSolid

H2O(s) Ice

• Retains a fixed volume and shape

Rigid - particles locked into place

• Not easily compressible

Little free space between particles

• Does not flow easily

Rigid - particles cannot move/slide past one another

LiquidLiquid

H2O(l) Water

• Assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupiesParticles can move/slide past one another

• Not easily compressible Little free space between particles

• Flows easily Particles can move/slide past one another

GasGas

H2O(g) Steam

• Assumes the shape and volume of its container.

Particles can move past one another

• Compressible

Lots of free space between particles

• Flows easily

Particles can move past one another

Some Properties of Solids, Some Properties of Solids, Liquids and GasesLiquids and Gases

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Shape Has definite shape

Takes the shape of

its container Takes the shape of

its container

Volume Has a definite volume

Has a definite volume

Fills the volume of the container

Arrangement of particles

Fixed, very close Random, close Random, far apart

Interactions between particles

Fixed, very close Very strong Essentially none

ENERGY IN (HEATING)

EVAPORATIONCONDENSATION

DEPOSITION

SUBLIMATION

MELT

ING O

R LIQ

UID

FACTION

FREEZING o

r SOLID

IFIC

ATION

CHANGES IN STATE OF CHANGES IN STATE OF MATTERMATTER

LIQUID (WATER)

GAS/VAPOUR

SOLID (ICE)

ENERGY OUT (COOLING)

Changes of StateChanges of State

The Particle Theory can explain physical changes, such as changes of state and dissolving.

Changes of StateChanges of State

Rusting Rusting To be able to:

All Most Some

Describe why metals must

(MYP 2/3)

To know the word equations for metals reacting with water

(MYP 3/4)

Explain how over time chemistry has changed how cars are built

(MYP 6/6)Criteria A,C

Physical and Chemical Physical and Chemical ChangesChanges

All Most Some

Describe Physical Changes(Level 5)

Describe Chemical Changes(Level 5)

Explain real life examples of physical and chemical changes(Level 6)

Starter: With your partner, take turns to list as many different

changes as you can (stars for the most!)

cpa@pac 45

Ch, ch, ch, ch - changesCh, ch, ch, ch - changes(1 star for the first person to tell me who sang that!)

Talk to your partner for one minute about what you think a chemical reactionchemical reaction is.

Then discuss any chemical chemical reactionsreactions that you think you have come across so far in come across so far in

science or at home.science or at home.cpa@pac 46

What is a Physical Change?What is a Physical Change?

•A physical change occurs when the change can be reversed.

•for example one substance changes from one state to another state.

Copy

cpa@pac 47

What is a Chemical Reaction?What is a Chemical Reaction?

•A chemical reaction is a process where 2 or more substances are put together and

change so that new substances are formed.

Eg, when studying acids and alkalis we looked at the neutralisation reaction!neutralisation reaction!

Acid + Alkali Neutral Solution

Copy

cpa@pac 48

signs of chemical changessigns of chemical changesGas may be formed, producing bubblesColour changePrecipitate formed Increase or Decrease of temperatureSound producedLight producedSmell producedElectricity produced

cpa@pac 49

Chemical Reaction or physical change?Chemical Reaction or physical change? Hold up your green cardgreen card for chemicalchemical and

red cardred card for physical.physical.

Water Evaporatin

g

Cooking Food Burning Wood

Living!Chocolate Melting

CHEMICACHEMICALL

CHEMICACHEMICALL

CHEMICACHEMICALL

PHYSICAPHYSICALL

PHYSICAPHYSICALL

cpa@pac 50

Complete the sentences on Complete the sentences on the left with the choices on the left with the choices on

the right.the right.•A chemical reaction occurs when…•During a chemical reaction….•Examples of a chemical reactions are…•A physical change occurs when a substance changes…•Examples of a physical changes are…

• …from one state to another.

• …2 or more substances are put together and change.

• …food cooking, wood burning.

• …water evaporating, chocolate melting.

• …new products are made.cpa@pac 51

Odd one out?Odd one out?

•Water evaporating, food cooking, salt dissolving, ice melting.

•Chocolate melting, sugar dissolving, metal rusting, water condensing.

•Copper sulphate and water, marble chips and acid, sodium bicarbonate and vinegar.

cpa@pac 52

Rusting is the reaction of iron with oxygen in the presence of water. Salt helps to speed up the rate

of this reaction.

Why does iron rust more quickly at the seaside?

Rusting ReactionRusting Reaction

Rusting is an ‘unhelpful’ chemical

reaction.

Iron that is exposed to the weather is usually coated with a layer of

paint.

New products that contain iron are often boxed with a small packet of drying agent.

There are measures that can be taken to prevent

rusting:

The paint prevents oxygen and water getting

to the iron.

The drying agent absorbs any water that may cause rusting.

Preventing Preventing RustingRusting

The Romans used lead to make water pipes but didn’t know that lead reacts slowly with water and

makes it poisonous!

Some metals react vigorously with water, some metals react slowly and some do not react at all.

What is the best type of metal to use for water pipes?

Metals and WaterMetals and Water

Potassium and sodium are metals that react vigorously with water even when a small amount of the metal is

used.

When a metal reacts with water, the products are a metal hydroxide and

hydrogen gas.

What is the test to show that a metal hydroxide has been produced?

metal water metal hydroxide hydrogen+ --> +

Reacting Metal with Reacting Metal with WaterWater

What is the general equation for the reaction of a metal with water?

What is the balanced symbol equation for each reaction?

2Na 2H2O 2NaOH H2+ +

sodium watersodium

hydroxide hydrogen+ +

2Li 2H2O 2LiOH H2+ +

+ waterlithium

hydroxide hydrogenlithium +

2K 2H2O 2KOH H2+ +

potassium waterpotassiumhydroxide hydrogen+ ---

>+

Products of metal reacting Products of metal reacting with waterwith water

--->

--->

--->

--->

--->

James investigated how reactive some metals are when they react with water and made these observations:

Which of these metals is the most reactive with water? Which of these metals is the least reactive with water?

Bubbles of gas are given off quite quickly. Universal indicator shows that the water has turned alkaline.The sodium melts and skims over the surface producing a stream of small bubbles. Sometimes a yellow-orange flame appeared.Potassium immediately produces a lilac flame as it skims around the surface making a fizzing noise.

lithium

Metal Reaction with water

sodium

potassium

Investigating reactivity with Investigating reactivity with water (I)water (I)

James investigated how reactive other metals are with water and made these observations:

Reacts slowly with cold water but reacts quickly with steam.No reaction.

No reaction.

No reaction.

magnesium

Metal Reaction with water

copper

silver

gold

Copper is used in plumbing and silver and gold in jewellery. Why are these unreactive metals suitable for such uses?

Investigating reactivity Investigating reactivity with water (II)with water (II)

The words “plumber” and “plumbing” come from plumbum (the Latin word for lead) because the ancient Romans used lead for their water pipes.

Using Unreactive Using Unreactive MetalsMetals

Lead reacts very slowly with water making it poisonous, so this metal is no longer used in

plumbing.Copper is a much better

metal for water pipes because it does not react at all with water – plumbers

should be renamed coppers!

Order of reactivity with Order of reactivity with waterwater

Particle TheoryParticle Theory1. ALL matter is made up of tiny particles

too small to be seen called ATOMS.

2. There are spaces between the particles.

3. There are attractive forces between these particles.

The weaker the forces are, the further apart the particles are.

cpa@pac 63

4. Particles are always moving.

5. At high temperatures, the particles move faster than they do at low temperatures.

cpa@pac 64

Temperature Temperature

All Most Some

That temperature can affect the rate of a reaction

Explain how temperature can affect rate of reaction

Explain how temperature affects rate of reaction in terms of particle theory

TemperatureTemperatureReactions occur when particles of reacting substances come into contact with each

other.

As temperature increases, the particles collide more often and more violently than

at lower temperatures. 

REACTION RATE INCREASES WITH TEMPERATURE

cpa@pac 66

Heat and TemperatureHeat and Temperature

Both hot and cold water are made up of moving particles, some moving quickly, and some moving slowly. But on

average, the particles move faster in hot water than in cold water. 

cold hot

So what is the difference between cold and hot particles?

Temperature and CollisionsTemperature and CollisionsHow does temperature affect the rate of particle

collision?

Effect of Temperature on Effect of Temperature on RateRate

The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of a reaction. In many reactions, a rise in temperature of

10 °C causes the rate of reaction to approximately double.

Why does increased temperature increase the rate of reaction?

At a higher temperature, particles have more energy. This means they move faster and are

more likely to collide with other particles.

When the particles collide, they do so with more energy, and so the number

of successful collisions increases.

Temperature and Temperature and particle collisionsparticle collisions

Temperature and Temperature and BatteriesBatteries

Why are batteries more likely to rundown more quickly in cold weather?

At low temperatures the reaction that generates the electric current proceeds

more slowly than at higher temperatures.

This means batteries are less likely to deliver enough

current to meet demand.

The Effect of Temperature on The Effect of Temperature on RateRate

Expanding and Expanding and ContractingContracting

At high temperatures, particles have more energy, move more quickly, and have more collisions. As a result, they take up more space, and the substance expands.

At lower temperatures, particles have less energy, move more slowly, and have fewer collisions. They take up less space, and the substance contracts. 

Criteria A,C

What have you What have you learnt?learnt?

Rusting Rusting To be able to:

All Most Some

Describe why metals must

(MYP 2/3)

To know the word equations for metals reacting with water

(MYP 3/4)

Explain how over time chemistry has changed how cars are built

(MYP 6/6)Criteria A,C

Preventing Preventing Rust!Rust!

To be able to:

All Most Some

Describe why metals rust

(MYP 2/3)

Explain how we can prevent rust

(MYP 3/4)

Explain how your car’s manufacture has over come the problem of rusting.

(MYP 6/6)Criteria A,C

TyresTyres

TyresTyresTo be able to:

All Most Some

Describe what tyres are made from and why

(MYP 1/2)

Explain why tyres treads are important

(MYP 3/4)

Describe the tyres of your car

What brand?What tread?What pressure?

(MYP 5/6)

Criteria A,C

TyresTyres

Why does a car have tyres?

What are tyres made from?

What makes this a good material?

Tyres Facts Tyres Facts Five Different Tyre Classifications

All Weather All Weather - these tyres are suited to any weather conditions.Wet Weather Wet Weather - specifically manufactured to suit wet weather

conditions.All Terrain All Terrain - will suit any terrain in most conditions.

MudMud - these tyres are best suited to muddy conditions.PerformancePerformance - performance tyres will supply the driver with

the highest performance.

Know The Legal Minimum Tread Depth

The legal minimum tread depth for a car tyre is 1.6mm.

Air pressure is very important!Made from Vulcanized Rubber

Road tyres must have a minimum tread depth of 1.6mm to be roadworthy.

Low tread depth cannot disperse the water quickly enough allowing water build-up between the tyre and

the road surface.

When this occurs the car loses grip with the surface of the road and may easily and unexpectedly slide.

Loss of grip from poor performing tyres is most dangerous in an emergency situation when a car

needs to stop quickly, or change direction quickly.

Tyres Facts Tyres Facts

Why do tyres have Why do tyres have tread?tread?

Tyres have tread for traction and to displace water on a wet road. Without tread on a tyre you would have to

run tyres with an extremely soft compound construction in order to have traction.

This type tyre would not last very long and would hydroplane on a wet road.

Formula 1 – SLICK TYRES

Reintroduced in 2009 after regulators

banned them in favour of tyres with 4 treads

to slow the car down….

These are best used in dry conditions

Why do tyres have Why do tyres have tread?tread?

Race cars run tyres without tread on dry racetracks.

These types of tyres have a very soft compound with excellent traction but are only meant to last around

100-200 miles.

Formula 1 – SLICK TYRES

Reintroduced in 2009 after regulators

banned them in favour of tyres with 4 treads

to slow the car down….

These are best used in dry conditions

Tyre PressureTyre PressureGet a grip on tyre pressures!

Maximum grip on the road is vital for road safety. This can only be achieved with the correct pressure

in your tyres.

Correctlyinflated

tyre

Overinflated

tyre

Underinflated

tyre

Fig. 3 shows how much grip a tyre has on the road depending on its pressure.

The Benefits of Correct Air The Benefits of Correct Air PressurePressure

Keeping the correct air pressure in your tyres is as important as giving your engine a tune up.

The economic benefits are perhaps even greater!

With the right amount of air pressure, your tyres wear longer, save fuel, enhance handling and prevent

accidents. The effects of not maintaining correct air pressure are

poor petrol mileage, loss of tyre life, bad handling (perhaps even loss of control), and potential vehicle

overloading.

The 6 F1 tyre compounds, as supplied The 6 F1 tyre compounds, as supplied by Pirelli for 2011by Pirelli for 2011

Before rubber was Before rubber was invented, the first invented, the first

versions of tyres were versions of tyres were simply bands of metal simply bands of metal

that fitted around that fitted around wooden wheels in order wooden wheels in order

to prevent wear and to prevent wear and teartear

Tyres Homework Tyres Homework Complete a page in your scrap book on

tyres…..Include;

What tyres your car has?What do the manufactures say about your

tyres?How often should you need new ones?

What air pressure do they recommend? Why is air pressure important?

Investigate the technology of tyres and how have they changed over the years.

Use the template in your student booklet as a guide.

TyresTyresTo be able to:

All Most Some

Describe what tyres are made from and why(MYP 1/2)

Explain why tyres treads are important

(MYP 3/4)

Describe the tyres of your car

What brand?What tread?What pressure?

(MYP 5/6)

Criteria A,C