Cardiovascular SystemBlood and Lymphatic SystemChapter 8 and Chapter 9

Objectives Discover the functions of the cardiovascular

and lymphatic system Identify their location Name the five blood forming organs

associated with the circulatory system Introduce prefixes, root words and suffixes

associated with the cardiovascular system

Objectives contd: Introduce some medical test, lab procedures

used in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease

Introduce some clinical disorders affecting the cardiovascular system

Lets begin!!!!!! The cardiovascular system is a subset of the

circulatory system It consist of the heart, blood vessels, and

blood The lymphatic system is also a part of the

circulatory system The lymphatic system consist of lymph

vessels, and lymph nodes

The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved

substances to and from different places in the body. The Heart has the job of pumping these things around

the body. The Heart pumps blood and substances around

the

body in tubes called blood vessels. The Heart and blood vessels together make up the

Circulatory System.

What is the circulatory system?

Contd: Associated with the circulatory system are the

blood forming organs: Spleen Liver Bone marrow Thymus gland Lymph tissue

Heart: Main organ of the circulatory system Weighs less than a pound Roughly the size of your fist Lies between your lungs Found in the thoracic cavity

Heart contd: Normal beat is about 60 to 100 beats per

minute The apex points down and to the left

Heart contd: The heart is a pump Consist of four chambers Two upper chambers called atria (singular atrium)

and two lower chambers called ventricles The Atrium serves as receiving stations of blood

from the body The ventricles responsible for pumping blood back

out into the body

Contd: There are two sides of the heart. There are two vertical divisions of the heart.

The top compartments are ATRIUM The bottom compartments are VENTRICLES Therefore, there are right and left atrium and

right and left ventricles

Contd: Abbreviations for chambers:

Right atrium RA

Right ventricle RV

Left atrium LA

Left ventricle LV

Contd: The four heart chambers are separated by

membranes called septa (plural septum) The atrium is separated by the Interatrial

septum The ventricles are separated by the

Interventricular septum

Heart: The heart has three distinct layers of tissue.

1. endocardium - deepest layer. 2. myocardium - muscle 3. epicardium - outermost layer

Contd: The heart is a muscular organ that pumps

blood and is enclosed in a membranous sac. This sac allows the heart to beat without friction.

This sac is called the PERICARDIUM. Peri- means “around”, cardium refers to the heart.

Contd: Valves are the gate keepers of the heart. They make sure the blood flows in the correct

direction They let a specific amount of blood into each

chamber and don’t allow it to flow back wards

There are three valves:

Valves contd: Bicuspid valve: (mitral) Has two flaps Situated between the left atrium and left

ventricle Pulmonary and Aortic Semilunar valve: Pulmonary: Located between the right

ventricle and pulmonary artery Aortic: Located between the left ventricle and

the aorta

Valves contd: Tricuspid valve: Located between the right

atrium and the right ventricle Has three flaps Keeps blood flowing back and forth Regulates blood pressure in the heart

Blood vessels: Series of closed tubes that carry blood from

the heart to the tissue and back to the heart. Made up of arteries, veins, and capillaries Starts at the heart and spans out through the

entire body These vessels work together to carry blood

pumped by the heart through the body

The Blood Vessels

The cardiovascular system has three types of blood vessels:

Arteries (and arterioles) – carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries – where nutrient and gas exchange occur

Veins (and venules) – carry blood toward the heart.

Arterial system: Arteries: Large blood vessels that carry oxygenated

blood away from the heart. Starts with the Aorta which is the largest artery Their walls are made up mostly of muscle and elastic

tissue They take the blood to the arterioles then to the

capillaries This is where the exchange of gases (oxygen and

carbon dioxide ) take place.

The ARTERY

thick muscle and elastic fibres

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under

pressure

the thick muscle can contract to push the blood

along.

Venous system: Carry blood back to the atria of the heart Holds 75% of total blood volume Begins at the capillary beds, then venules

(little veins), then into small, medium and large veins

The veins are the work horse of the vessel system

Veins contd: They carry oxygen depleted blood back to the

heart Blood is returned to the heart from the upper

body through the superior vena cava. Blood is returned to the heart from the lower

body through the inferior vena cava These veins are the largest veins in the body

The VEINVeins carry blood towards from the heart.

thin muscle and elastic fibres

veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction.

body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.

The CAPILLARYCapillaries link Arteries with Veins

the wall of a capillaryis only one cell thick

they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.

The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.

Circulatory system: Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and

capillaries, together with the heart, form the circulatory system.

It can be divided into three types of circulation.

Pulmonary, systemic, and portal

Contd: Pulmonary System: The right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries which then carry the blood to the lungs. Carbon dioxide is released and the uptake of oxygen from the air occurs. Now oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins

Contd: Systemic system: Oxygenated blood from the

lungs return to the heart through the pulmonary veins, flows into the left atrium and then into the left ventricle, which then pumps the blood through the aorta

Contd: Portal system: The deoxygenated blood from the

capillaries of the gastrointestinal tract drains into the portal vein which, instead of going directly back to the heart, leads to the liver. This allows the liver to take up the nutrients that were extracted by the intestines from food. The liver also neutralizes some toxins taken up by the intestines. Blood from the liver drains via the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava and then the right side of the heart.

Functions of the circulatory system Transport: H2 O and nutrients from the intestine to the cells or

to a storage site. O2 from the respiratory organ to the cells and CO2

from the cells back to the respiratory organ. hormones from endocrine glands. toxic or waste molecules to the excretory organ.

Contd: Protection: from foreign invaders (immune system) of itself from loss of blood (clotting

mechanism) Body temperature: Blood vessels dilate to dissipate heat Or Constricting to retain heat

Contd: Buffering: Blood proteins provide an acid base buffer This maintains optimum pH of the blood

Conduction system Also known as the cardiac cycle It is controlled by the hearts natural pace

maker the sinoatrial ( SA) node. The SA node generates electrical impulses

and conducts them throughout the muscle of the heart, stimulating the heart to contract and pump blood

Contd: Atypical muscle fibers at the junction of the

superior vena cava and right atrium Its electrical signals normally cause the atria

to contract at a rate of 60 to 100 times per minute.

The electrical current is then passed to the atrioventricular (AV) node

Contd: The AV Node acts as the primary electrical

connection between the atria at the top of the heart and the ventricles in the bottom of the heart

The AV node immediately sends the electrical impulse to the AV bundle called bundle of his.

Then through to specialized muscle fibers called Purkinje fibers.

The Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds The CARDIAC CYCLE is the events that

occur in one complete heartbeat. The cardiac cycle has 2 phases:

1. contraction of the heart: SYSTOLE

2. relaxation of the heart: DIASTOLE

Blood Pressure: Blood pressure is the force that the blood

exerts on the arterial walls Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of

mercury (mm Hg) and is recorded as two numbers usually written one above the other; for example, 120/80. The top number is the systolic number, and the bottom number is the diastolic number. Normal Blood pressure is around 120/80.

Contd: Systolic blood pressure measures the

maximum (highest) pressure in the arteries during the cardiac cycle, which occurs when the heart contracts, or beats, to pump blood.

The systolic blood pressure, marks the beginning of the cardiac cycle, when the heart contracts.

The top number in blood pressure reading

Contd: Diastolic blood pressure measures the

pressure exerted by the heart against artery walls when the heart is at rest.

The diastolic pressure marks the end of the cardiac cycle, when the heart fills with blood and are dilated.

The bottom number in a blood pressure reading

The Cardiovascular System Pulse is the expansion and contraction of

an artery. Blood pressure is a measurement of the

amount of pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels.

FYI: High blood pressure, also called

hypertension, is defined as 140/90 mm Hg or higher. It is when there is high pressure (tension) in the arteries.

Low blood pressure, or hypotension, occurs when blood pressure during and after each heartbeat is much lower than usual. This means the heart, brain, and other parts of the body do not get enough blood

Arteriosclerosis: Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis is plaque or cholesterol, platelets,

fibrin and other substances on the arterial walls (artery.

Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty material collects along the walls of arteries. This fatty material thickens, hardens (forms calcium deposits), and may eventually block the arteries.

Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis. The two terms are often used to mean the same thing

Coarctation: Stricture or narrowing of a vessel A coarctation can occur anywhere in the

aorta, but it is most often found just beyond the point where the aorta sends a branch off to supply the left arm.

Congestive Hear Failure: (CHF) Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition in

which the heart's function as a pump to deliver oxygen rich blood to the body is inadequate to meet the body's needs. CHF can be caused by:

diseases that weaken the heart muscle diseases that cause stiffening of the heart muscles diseases that increase oxygen demand by the body

tissue beyond the capability of the heart to deliver.

Coronary Thrombosis: Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot

(thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

Coronary Thrombosis is the thrombosis of a coronary artery. This can lead to an Myocardial infarction (MI) (Heart attack)

Transient Ischemic attack (TIA) TIAs occur when a blood clot temporarily

clogs an artery, and part of the brain doesn't get the blood it needs.

A TIA is a "warning stroke" or "mini-stroke" that produces stroke-like symptoms but no lasting damage.

Abbreviations: ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia a fast-growing cancer in which the body

produces a large number of immature white blood cells (lymphocytes).

AMI acute myocardial infarction ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease MI Myocardial infarction

Contd: CVA cerebrovascular accident The sudden death of some brain cells due to

lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is impaired by blockage or rupture of an artery to the brain. A CVA is also referred to as a stroke.

O2 oxygen RBC Red blood cell

Contd: ASD arterial ( atrial) septal defect An atrial septal defect is an opening in the

atrial septum, or dividing wall between the two upper chambers of the heart known as the right and left atria. ASD is a congenital (present at birth) heart defect.

BP Blood pressure CBC Complete blood count

Contd: CABG Coronary artery bypass

graph During a coronary artery bypass graft, blood

flow is rerouted through a new artery or vein that is grafted around diseased sections of a coronary artery to increase blood flow to the heart muscle tissue.

Contd: CCU Coronary care unit CHF Congestive heart failure CO2 Carbon dioxide DOE Dyspnea on exertion ECG, EKG electrocardiogram ECHO echocardiogram MRI magnetic resonance imaging

Cholesterol Cholesterol – lipids that travel in the blood

(lipoproteins). They become a problem when present in excessive amounts.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol – (LDL – bad cholesterol) – excess amount causes buildup of plaque on arteries.

Cholesterol High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-

good cholesterol) carries unneeded cholesterol back to liver for processing.

Cholesterol Triglycerides – combinations of fatty acids

attached to glycerol that are found normally in blood in limited quantities.

Homocystine – an amino acid used by body to build and maintain tissues. When excessive levels it can damage arterial walls and increase risk of CAD.

Contd: HDL high density lipoprotein The high-density lipoproteins transport

cholesterol from the tissues of the body to the liver so it can be gotten rid of (in the bile). HDL cholesterol is therefore considered the "good" cholesterol. The higher the HDL cholesterol level, the lower the risk of coronary artery disease.

Above 60 optimal

Contd: LDL low density lipoprotein The low-density lipoproteins transport

cholesterol from the liver to the tissues of the body. LDL cholesterol is therefore considered the "bad" cholesterol. Less than 100 optimal

VT ventricular tachycardia fast heart rhythm, that originates in one of the

ventricles of the heart.

Types of blood components: RBC Red blood cells Fibrinogen promotes blood clotting Thrombocytes blood platelets Plasma the fluid portion of

blood without the cells Serum the clear portion of the

blood separated from solid elements

The Cardiovascular System Erythrocytes – (red blood cells).

Produced by bone marrow. Shaped like a doughnut with thin central section

instead of a hole. Hemoglobin is the iron containing pigment of the

erythrocyte and transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissue.

Reticulocyte is an immature erythrocyte with meshlike pattern of threads.

The Cardiovascular System Leukocytes (white blood cells) protect the body

against harmful invaders such as bacteria. Neutrophils – formed in red bone marrow.

Most prevalent type of WBC. Elevation indicates bacterial infection.

Fight infection by phagocytosis. Basophiles promote the inflammatory response.

Elevated count indicates allergic condition.

The Cardiovascular System Eosinophils increase in response to allergic

reactions. Lymphocytes protect against disease. Monocytes protect against disease.

Contd: Platelets for blood coagulation, also known

as thrombocytes Reticulocytes immature RBC usually in the

bone marrow Universal donor person with group O

blood Universal recipient person can receive any

type blood that person has blood type AB

Contd: Type and cross match refers to the complex testing that is performed prior

to a blood transfusion, to determine if the donor's blood is compatible with the blood of an intended recipient

RH factors The Rh factor is the type of protein found on the red blood cells. Most people have the Rh factor—positive. Others do not have the Rh factor—they are Rh negative.

The Cardiovascular System Rh factor or antigen. About 85% of Americans are Rh positive

and have the antigen. The Rh factor must be considered in

crossmatching blood.

Rh Factor If Rh neg individual is exposed to Rh pos blood,

the Rh neg individual will develop anti-Rh antibodies that will cause a transfusion reaction (agglutination) should the Rh neg individual receive Rh pos blood a second time.

Rh Factor If an Rh neg mother gives birth to an Rh pos

baby and the Rh neg and Rh pos bloods mix during birth, the Rh neg mother’s body will develop anti-Rh antibodies that will cause problems with future pregnancies.

The drug RhoGam is given to the mother after birth of Rh pos baby to prevent development of anti-Rh antibodies.

Types of White blood cells (WBC) Granulocytes cells containing granules.

There are three types Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Neutrophils most numerous circulating

WBC. Respond rapidly to inflammatory and tissue injury. Has a nucleus with three to five lobes

Contd: White blood cells (WBC) BASO basophil- stains readily with

dye, unknown function except they do increase in the healing process (Type 2 WBC)

EOS eosinophil – has a nucleus with two lobes and cytoplasm containing course granules. Increase during an allergic and parasitic condition. (Type 2 WBC)

WBC contd: Agranulocyte –non granular leukocytes

produced by spleen and lymph nodes. Mono monocyte destroy foreign

substances and bacteria in the body. They are slower to react to inflammatory diseases. (Type 5 WBC)

Lymph lymphocyte – play a major role in the immune response system ( Type 4 WBC)

Procedures: Angiography: or arteriography is a medical

imaging technique used with injected contrast medium to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries.

Usually done to detect narrowing of the arteries due to plague build up

Angioplasty: is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked

blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. A stent is often placed after angioplasty. It

helps prevent the artery from closing up again.

Usually done to prevent a heart attack or once a heart attack has occurred

Lymphatic system: Similar make up to the CV system Includes: vessels, fluid, and nodes Lymph Vessels: pump lymph fluid They interlace with blood vessels Carry clean clear fluid through the body Collect protein and water and return to the

blood

Contd: Lymph nodes: shaped like small beans Located through out the body Axillary, Cervical, and Inguinal Release lymphocytes (WBC) through out the

body and remove or destroy antigens (foreign substances)

Phagocytosis process that destroys invading cells

Root words, Aort/o Aorta Angi/o Vessel Arteri/o Arteriole Atri/o, atri/a Atrium Ather/o Yellow or fatty plague Cardi/o Heart Coron/o Heart

Root words contd:

Ox/o, Ox/i Oxygen Phleb/o Vein Scler/o Hardening Thromb/o Clot Valv/o Valve Vas/o Vessel Ven/o Vein

Prefix and Suffix: Brady- Slow Tachy- Fast -graph instrument used to

record -graphy Process of recording -gram Picture or finished

record