The Cardiovascular System The Lymphatic System

And Respiratory System

The transfer of nutrients throughout our body

Some Latin Prefixes & Suffixes You Should Know!

• Hemo/a-: blood

• Anti-: against

• Erythros-: red

• Leukos-: white

• -cyte: cell

• -penia: poverty, not enough

• -osis: too many

• Thrombos-: clot

• -stasis: halt, stop

Blood… the fluid of the

cardiovascular system• Provides to cells/tissues:

– Nutrients – Oxygen (O2)– Hormones/enzymes– Removal of wastes– Special cells to protect against

disease & infection (WBCs & antibodies)

• Regulates:– pH & ion composition of cellular fluids– Clotting capabilities to restrict blood loss – Body temperature

http://brucemhood.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/blood_cells.jpg

• What kind of tissue is blood?– Connective Tissue

• What makes blood fluid?– Plasma

• What are the 3 “formed elements” of blood?– Platelets– White blood cells –

leukocytes (WBCs)– Red blood cells -

erythrocytes (RBCs)

BLOOD

Plasma

Formed elements

Plasma proteins 7%Other solutes 1%

Water 92%

Platelets

WBCs

RBCs 99.9%

Plasma proteins

Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogen

Regulatory proteins

Other solutes

Electrolytes

Organic nutrients

Organic wastesNeutrophils

Eosinophils

Lymphocytes

BasophilsMonocytes

Functions of Blood

components• RBCs –

– Most abundant

– Transport of O2

• WBCs WBCs – – Body’s defense mechanism

against disease & infection

• PlateletsPlatelets –– Contain enzymes important

for clotting

• Formed elements made through hematopoiesis

• Blood…– Temperature = ~38°C

(100.4°F)– 5x more viscous than

water– Slightly alkaline; pH

7.35-7.45– Adult male = 5-6 L – Adult female = 4-5 L

Structure & Function of RBCs• Each RBC has ~280

million Hb molecules

• Hemoglobin (Hb) molecule responsible for transporting O2 & CO2 to & away from tissues– Single pigment molecule

of heme

• Iron (Fe) ion that interacts with O2 molecule = oxyhemoglobin

– Bright red

• Fe not bound to O2 = deoxyhemoglobin

– Dark red/burgundy

Human Tetris

• Antigens –– Your Blood type

surface antigens (A, B & Rh)– Rh antigen (Rh factor)– Rhesus Protein

• Plasma contains antibodies that will attack antigens on “foreign” RBCs– Causes agglutination (clumping

together of RBCs) & hemolysis (breaking apart of RBCs) = cross-reaction

• Blood type determined by presence or absence of surface antigens– Type A (~40%)

• Antigen A present• Anti-B antibodies

– Type B (~10%)• Antigen B present• Anti-A antibodies

Type AB (~4%) = universal recipients

Both Antigens A & B present

Type O (~46%) = universal donors

Neither Antigens A & B present Both Anti-A & Anti-B antibodies

Blood Types

Make sure you understand the genotypes and the Rhesus Factor for all the bloodtypes.

Lecture on Bloodtypes

Conditions associated with Blood

• Anemia– Shortage of RBCs or hemoglobin

– Affects delivery of O2 to tissues

– Can result in heart palpitations & failure• Sickle cell anemia

– Hemoglobin disorder caused by abnormally shaped RBCs

• Thalassemia– Inherited disorder resulting in mutation

of hemoglobin gene – Bone marrow transplants & blood

transfusions are methods used to combat the disorder

• Jaundice– Yellowish-brownish staining of skin &

sclerae (whites of eyes) caused by high levels of chemical called bilirubin in blood

– Bilirubin is a waste product that comes from old, destroyed RBCs & is removed from blood by liver (eliminated in the feces, giving it its brown color)

Normal RBCs Sickle cell RBCs

White Blood Cells White Blood Cells ((leukocytesleukocytes))

• Structure –– No hemoglobin

• Functions –– Defend body against

pathogens– Remove toxins, waste &

damaged cells

• Location & Movement –– Most WBCs in body in CTP or

lympathic organs– Circulating WBCs only small

fraction of total population– Use bloodstream as mode of

transportation to area of infection/injury

http://www.lymphomation.org/images/leukocytes-normal.gif

Conditions associated with WBCsWBCs

Leukopenia –

Inadequate number of WBCs

Leukocytosis –

Excessive number of WBCs

Leukemia –

Cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal production of WBCs

Platelets (aka – thrombocytes)

• Functions:– Cell fragments that play major role in

clotting system• Release chemicals important to

clotting process• Formation of temporary patch in

walls of damaged blood vessels• Active contraction after clot has

formed

– Continuously removed & replaced every 9-12 days by phagocytes in spleen

Hemostasis• Hemostasis – stopping of bleeding through

damaged vessels (clotting)• 3 Phases:

– Vascular Phase –• Local blood vessels constrict to stop loss of

blood – “vascular spasm”• Lasts ~30 mins.

– Platelet Phase –• Platelets activate, aggragate (clump

together) & stick to damaged surface to form “platelet plug”

• Release ADP, thromboxane A2, serotonin, clotting factors, platelet-derived growth factors, Ca2+ ions

• Begins within ~15 secs.– Coagulation Phase –

• Begins 30 secs. or more after injury• Conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble protein

fibrin– Clot retraction: platelets contract & pull torn

edges of vessel closer– Fibrinolysis: clot dissolves

Blood Detectives

video & questionnaireWhat can blood tell us about

ourselves?

How is blood used in diagnosing diseases or disorders?

What kinds of conditions are associated with the blood?

• As you watch the Blood Detectives video, fill in your questionnaire about each patient & their condition.

Organization of Cardiovascular System

• Pulmonary Circuit – blood vessels that carry blood to and from alveoli of lungs

• Systemic Circuit – transports blood to and from rest of body

Blood Flow

QUESTION:Why are arteries represented in red and veins represented In blue?

ANSWER:Arteries carry oxygen- rich blood from heart, while veins carry oxygen-deficient blood back to heart.

***NOTE: ALL BLOOD IS RED!!! Oxygenated blood is brighter red!

•Blood flows from heart through arteries and arterioles to capillaries•Blood flows from capillaries to heart through venules and veins

The Heart• Beats approximately

100,000 times/day, pumping 8,000 liters of blood

• SA Node is the pacemaker of the heart to allow it to pump

• Approximately the size of clenched fist

• Made up of 4 muscular chambers – Rt/Lt Atria & Rt/Lt Ventricles

Path of Blood Through Body

• Right Atrium receives blood from Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

• SVC – opens into posterior/superior portion of right atrium, delivering blood from head, neck, upper limbs, and chest

• IVC – posterior/inferior delivers blood from rest of trunk, viscera, and lower limbs

1st Coloring of Deoxyenated Blood

• Blood travels to Right Ventricle from Right Atrium through tricuspid valve (Right AV valve)

Path of Blood Through Body2nd Coloring of Deoxygenated Blood

• Blood then passes into pulmonary trunk through pulmonary semilunar valve

• Pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonary arteries

• These arteries branch into capillaries in lungs, where oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves

Path of Blood Through Body3rd Coloring of Deoxygenated Blood

• Blood travels from lungs through right and left pulmonary veins into the left atrium

• From the Left Atrium it passes through the mitral valve (Left AV valve or bicuspid valve) into the Left Ventricle

Path of Blood Through Body1st Coloring of Oxygenated Blood

• Left ventricle is much larger than right ventricle because it needs to build enough pressure to push blood through systemic circuit

• Blood leaves left ventricle through aortic valve into ascending aorta

• From ascending aorta it goes into aortic arch, and serves upper body by passing into the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, the left subclavian artery, and down the descending aorta

Path of Blood Through Body2nd Coloring of Oxygenated Blood

Heart Walls• Epicardium –

covers the outer surface of the heart

• Myocardium – muscle wall of the heart (forms both atria and ventricles) that contains blood vessels and nerves

• Endocardium – inner surface of heart, including the heart valves

Internal/External Anatomy of Heart

•Interatrial septum – wall between atria

•Interventricular septum – thicker wall between ventricles

APEX

Blood Supply to Heart• Myocardium (cardiac

muscle) needs its own constant supply of oxygen-rich blood

• The left and right coronary arteries originate at base of ascending aorta

• Blood pressure here is highest in all of systemic circuit

LABEL YOUR WORKSHEET

Heart Failure• ~5 million Americans have heart failure & prevalence

of heart failure approximately DOUBLES with each decade of life

• Heart failure –– Damage to heart causes weakening of the cardiovascular

system– Caused by fluid congestion or inadequate blood flow to

tissues.

• Heart failure may result from one or many causes– Affects circulation, lungs, neuroendocrine system & other

organs– Psychological & social impacts

Heart Failure Classifications

• Right Heart Failure - Inability of R side to adequately pump venous blood into pulmonary circulation

• Left Heart Failure – Inability of L side to pump into systemic circulation

• Forward Heart Failure - Inability of heart to pump blood at sufficient rate to meet O2 demands of body at rest or during exercise

Heart Failure Classifications Cont….

• Backward Heart Failure - Ability of heart to pump blood at sufficient rate ONLY when heart filling pressures are abnormally high.

• Congestive Heart Failure - Fluid in lungs or body, resulting from inadequate pumping from heart and high heart filling and venous pressures