cardiology - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

8/10/2019 Cardiology - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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1/5/2015 Cardiology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology

Cardiology

Blood flow diagram of the human heart. Blue

components indicate de-oxygenated blood pathway

and red components indicate oxygenated pathways

System Cardiovascular

Subdivisions Interventional, Nuclear

Significant

diseases

Heart disease, Cardiovascular

disease, Atherosclerosis,

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertension(High Blood Pressure)

Significant

tests

Blood tests, Electrophysiology

study, Cardiac imaging, ECG,

Echocardiograms, Stress test

Specialist Cardiologist

CardiologyFrom Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

Cardiology(fromGreek kardi, "heart" and -

-logia, "study") is a branch of medicine dealing

with disorders of the heart be it human or animal. The

field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of

congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heartfailure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology.

Physicians whospecialize in this field of medicine are

called cardiologists. Physicians who specialize in

cardiac surgery are called cardiac surgeons.

Contents

1 Specialization2 The heart

3 Disorders

3.1 Disorders of the coronary circulation

3.2 Cardiac arrest

3.3 Disorders of the myocardium (muscle

of the heart)

3.4 Disorders of the pericardium (outer

lining of the heart)

3.5 Disorders of the heart valves

3.6 Congenital heart defect

3.7 Diseases ofblood vessels (vascular

diseases)

3.8 Procedures to counter coronary artery

disease

3.9 Devices used in cardiology3.10 Diagnostic tests and procedures

4 Cardiologists

5 Journals

6 Associations

7 See also

8 References

9 External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_surgeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram_blood_flow_en.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiologisthttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echocardiogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_surgeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology 2

Specialization

Cardiology is a specialty of internal medicine. To be a cardiologist in the United States, a three year

residency in internal medicine is followed by a three year fellowship in cardiology. It is possible to

specialize further in a sub-specialty. Recognized sub-specialties in the United States by the ACGME are:

Cardiac electrophysiology: Study of the electrical properties and conduction diseases of the heart.

Echocardiography: The use of ultrasound to study the mechanical function/physics of the heart.

Interventional cardiology: The use of catheters for the treatment of structural and ischemic diseases

of the heart.

Nuclear cardiology: The use of nuclear medicine to visualize the uptake of an isotope by the heart

using radioactive sources.

Recognized subspecialties in the United States by the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of

Osteopathic Specialists (AOABOS) include:[1]

Clinical cardiac electrophysiology

Interventional cardiology

The heart

As the center focus of cardiology, the heart has numerous anatomical features (e.g., atria, ventricles, heart

valves) and numerous physiological features (e.g., systole, heart sounds, afterload) that have been

encyclopedically documented for many centuries.

Disorders of the heart lead to heart disease and cardiovascular disease and can lead to a significant number

of deaths: cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and caused 29.34% of all deaths in 2002.

The primary responsibility of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body. It pumps blood from the bod

called the systemic circulation through the lungs called the pulmonary circulation and then

back out to the body. This means that the heart is connected to and affects the entirety of the body.

Simplified, the heart is a circuit of the Circulation. While plenty is known about the healthy heart, the bulk

of study in cardiology is in disorders of the heart and restoration, and where possible, of function.

The heart is a muscle that squeezes blood and functions like a pump. Each part of the heart is susceptible t

failure or dysfunction and the heart can be divided into the mechanical and the electrical parts.

The electrical part of the heart is centered on the periodic contraction (squeezing) of the muscle cells that i

caused by the cardiac pacemaker located in the sinoatrial node. The study of the electrical aspects is a sub-

field of electrophysiology called cardiac electrophysiology and is epitomized with the electrocardiogram

(ECG/EKG). The action potentials generated in the pacemaker propagate throughout the heart in a specific

pattern. The system that carries this potential is called the electrical conduction system. Dysfunction of the

electrical system manifests in many ways and may include WolffParkinsonWhite syndrome, ventricular

fibrillation, and heart block.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_cardiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_electrophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echocardiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_blockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_cardiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_pacemakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_electrophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Parkinson%E2%80%93White_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(heart)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Graduate_Medical_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_soundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasonographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoatrial_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association_Bureau_of_Osteopathic_Specialistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systole_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterloadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiogram


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Coronary arteries labeled in red text and other landmarks in

blue text.

The mechanical part of the heart is centered on the fluidic movement of blood and the functionality of the

heart as a pump. The mechanical part is ultimately the purpose of the heart and many of the disorders of th

heart disrupt the ability to move blood. Failure to move sufficient blood can result in failure in other organ

and may result in death if severe. Heart failure is one condition in which the mechanical properties of the

heart have failed or are failing, which means insufficient blood is being circulated.

isorders

Cardiology is concerned with the normal functionality of the heart and the deviation from a healthy heart.

Many disorders involve the heart itself but some are outside of the heart.

Disorders of the coronary circulation

Contrary to a basic understanding of the

cardiovascular system, the heart cannot itself

receive enough oxygen and nutrients from the

blood it pumps and it must be supplied with

blood as if it were any other organ in the body.Unlike the systemic organs the heart receives

perfusion in the phase of diastole rather than

systole. This circulation of blood is called the

coronary circulation. The coronary circulation

consists of coronary arteries and coronary veins.

Disorders of the coronary circulation can have

devastating effects to the heart since damage to

the heart can reduce coronary circulation which

causes further damage. A few examples arepresented, as follows:

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

Acute coronary syndrome is a broad term encompassing many acute myocardial infarction

symptoms.

Angina pectoris

Angina pectoris literally means "chest pain" that refers to pain caused by ischemia of the heart.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is the condition in which an artery wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty

materials (e.g., cholesterol). Atherosclerosis of a coronary artery leads to coronary heart disease.

Coronary heart disease

Coronary heart disease is a general term for any reduction in coronary circulation. One such

condition is atherosclerosis.

Myocardial infarction (aka heart attack)

A myocardial infarction is the death of a part of the heart which is typically caused by a blockage of

the coronary circulation or coronary heart disease.

Restenosis
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A rhythm strip showing a couple beats of normal sinus

rhythm followed by an atrial beat and asystole ("flatline").

Recurrence of stenosis which would refer to a narrowing of a coronary artery in the context of the

coronary circulation.

Cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest refers to the cessation(to cease)of

normal systemic circulation due to failure in

proper contraction of the heart. There areseveral conditions that can cause cardiac arrest.

Asystole ("flatline")

Asystole refers to the absence of

electrical activity of the heart and is

sometimes referred to as a "flatline"

because the electrocardiogram shows a

solid line due to the absence of electrical activity.

Pulseless electrical activity (PEA)

Pulseless electrical activity is when the electrocardiogram shows a rhythm that should produce a

pulse but it does not. PEA is commonly caused by the 6 H's and 6 T's (see PEA article).

Pulseless ventricular tachycardia

Pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) Is one classification of VT such that no pulse is felt because o

an ineffective cardiac output which causes cardiac arrest.

Sudden cardiac death

Sudden cardiac death is a concept of natural death rather than a specific medical condition. There ar

several causes of sudden cardiac death and it is distinct from cardiac arrest.Ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular fibrillation is fibrillation of the ventricles of the heart. Rhythmic contraction is necessary

for efficient movement of blood and fibrillation disrupts this rhythm sufficiently to cause cardiac

arrest

Treatment of cardiac arrest includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation depending on

the exact cause of cardiac arrest.

Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart)

Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy is a deterioration of the myocardium.

Ischemic cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy causing ischemia of the heart due to coronary artery disease.

Nonischemic cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy not caused by ischemia of the heart.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asystolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulseless_electrical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asystole11.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asystolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulseless_ventricular_tachycardia


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The diagram shows a healthy heart (left) and one suffering

from right ventricular hypertrophy (right).

Amyloid cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy caused by amyloidosis.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Cardiomyopathy caused by hypertrophy of the heart.

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) (Idiopathic hypertrophic

subaortic stenosis (IHSS))

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy caused by

dilation of the heart.

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy

A type of dilated

cardiomyopathy

caused by chronic

abuse of alcohol.

Tachycardia induced

cardiomyopathy

A type of dilated

cardiomyopathy

caused by chronic tachycardia.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Transient apical ballooning, stress-induced

cardiomyopathy)

A type of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by a sudden temporary weakening of th

myocardium.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular

cardiomyopathy)

Cardiomyopathy caused by a genetic mutation of the desmosomes that connect

myocytes.

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy caused by excessive rigidity of the heart.

Heart failure

Failure of the heart to produce sufficient blood flow to meet metabolic demands of the body.

Cor pulmonale

Untreated cor pulmonale can cause right heart failure from chronic pulmonary hypertrophy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmogenic_right_ventricular_dysplasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takotsubo_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia_induced_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Right_Ventricular_hypertrophy.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophic_obstructive_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_pulmonalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid_cardiomyopathy


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A man with congestive heart failure and marked

jugular venous distension. External jugular vein

marked by an arrow.

Posterior wall of the pericardial sac.

Ventricular hypertrophy

Hypertrophy of the ventricle.

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Hypertrophy of the left ventricle.

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle.

Primary tumors of the heart

Tumors that arise initially in the heart and not

from elsewhere in the body.

Myxoma

Most common tumor of the heart.

Myocardial rupture

A gross structural failure of the heart. Commonly

a result of myocardial infarction.

Disorders of the pericardium (outer lining of

the heart)

The pericardium is a double-walled sac fibrous

pericardium and serous pericardium that contains the heart.

Constrictive pericarditisPericarditis that constricts the expansion of the heart and

inhibits heart function.

Pericardial effusion

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardium that

can lead to tamponade.

Pericardial tamponade

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardium that inhibits heart

function.Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium.

Disorders of the heart valves

The heart contains four valves that direct the flow of blood in a single direction. Failure to prevent reverse-

flow is called regurgitation, or insufficiency. Narrowing of the valves obstructs flow and is called stenosis.

Aortic valve
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3D reconstruction of the heart as viewed from the

apex towards the valves, image flipped 180

relative to illustration above. Pulmonary valve notvisible, leaflets of the tricuspid and aortic valves

only partly visible. To the left two images in 2D

from the same dataset, showing tricuspid and mitral

valves (above) and aortal and mitral valve (below).

Disorders and treatments of the aortic valve that separates the left ventricle and aorta.

Aortic regurgitation / aortic insufficiency

Deficiency of the aortic valve that permits

regurgitation from the aorta into the left

ventricle.

Aortic stenosis

Narrowing of the aortic valve opening that

reduces blood flow through the valve.

Aortic valve replacement

Replacement of the aortic valve due to

aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, or other

reasons.

Aortic valve repair

Repair, instead of replacement, of the

aortic valve.

Aortic valvuloplasty

Repair of the valve by using a

balloon catheter to force it open.

Mitral valve

Disorders and treatments of the mitral valve that separates the left atrium and left ventricle.

Mitral valve prolapse

Prolapse of the mitral valve into the left atrium during ventricular systole.

Mitral regurgitation / mitral insufficiency

Deficiency of the mitral valve that permits regurgitation from the left ventricle into the left

atrium.

Mitral stenosis

Narrowing of the mitral valve opening that reduces blood flow through the valve.Mitral valve replacement

Replacement of the mitral valve due to mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, or other reasons.

Mitral valve repair

Repair, instead of replacement, of the mitral valve.

Mitral valvuloplasty

Repair of the valve by using a balloon catheter to force it open.
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Atrial septal defect with left-to-right shunt.

Pulmonary valve

Disorders of the pulmonary valve that separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

Pulmonary regurgitation / pulmonary insufficiency

Deficiency of the pulmonary valve that permits regurgitation from the pulmonary artery into

the right ventricle.

Pulmonic stenosisNarrowing of the pulmonary valve opening that reduces blood flow through the valve.

Tricuspid valve

Disorders of the tricuspid valve that separates the right atrium and right ventricle.

Tricuspid regurgitation / tricuspid insufficiency

Deficiency of the tricuspid valve that permits regurgitation from the right ventricle into the

right atrium.

Congenital heart defect

Congenital heart defects are defects in the

structure of the heart which are present at birth.

Atrial septal defect

Defect in the interatrial septum that

permits blood flow between atria,

including a patent foramen ovale (PFO).Bicuspid aortic valve

Formation of two valve leaflets in the

aortic valve instead of three leaflets.

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Defect in the development of the left

heart such that it is hypoplastic (under

developed).

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close on birth.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO)

An atrial septal defect in that the foramen ovale fails to close at birth.

Persistent truncus arteriosus

Defect in that the truncus arteriosus fails to divide.

Tetralogy of Fallot

Set of four anatomical abnormalities: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect,

and right ventricular hypertrophy.

Transposition of the great vessels (TGV)
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The progression of atherosclerosis (size exaggerated).

Abnormal spatial arrangement of the great vessels (superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonar

arteries, pulmonary veins, and aorta).

Ventricular septal defect

Defect in the ventricular septum that permits blood flow between ventricles.

Diseases of blood vessels (vascular diseases)

Atherosclerosis

Thickening of an arterial wall due to

increased cholesterol and macrophages.

Aneurysm

Balloon-like bulging of the artery.

Aorta

Diseases of the aorta:

Coarctation of the aorta

Narrowing of the aorta at the

ductus arteriosus/ligamentum

arteriosum.

Aortic dissection

Dissection along the length of the

aorta between the layers of the

aortic wall and filled with blood.

Aortic aneurysmAneurysm of the aorta.

Carotid artery

Diseases of the carotid arteries:

Carotid artery stenosis / carotid artery disease Narrowing of the carotid artery, typically due

to atherosclerosis.

Carotid artery dissection

Dissection along the length of the carotid artery between the layers of the carotid wall and

filled with blood.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Formation of a thrombus in a deep vein, commonly in the legs.

Traveller's thrombosis / economy class syndrome

A DVT due to being sedentary during air travel.
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An example of a drug-eluting stent. This i

the TAXUS Express2 Paclitaxel-Eluting

Coronary Stent System, which releases

paclitaxel.

A stethoscope.

Varicose veins

Veins that have become enlarged and tortuous with failed valves, commonly in the legs.

Vasculitis

Inflammation of blood vessels.

Procedures to counter coronary artery disease

Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)Grafting an artery or vein from elsewhere (typically the

leg) to bypass a stenotic coronary artery.

Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP)

Pneumatically assisting the heart to move blood using

inflatable cuffs on the legs.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Procedures to treat stenotic coronary arteries by

accessing through a blood vessel.

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)

Enlarging the lumen of a coronary artery by forcibly

expanding it with a balloon.

Atherectomy

Enlarging the lumen of a coronary artery by removal of

atherosclerotic plaque.

Stenting

Enlarging the lumen of a coronary artery by forcibly expanding it with a metal wire tube.

Devices used in cardiology

Stethoscope

Acoustic device for hearing internal sounds including heart

sounds.

Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythm

Pacemaker

An implanted electrical device that replaces the heart's

natural pacemaker.

Defibrillator

Electrical devices to alter the heart's rhythm with

electrical energy.

Automated external defibrillator (AED)

An external defibrillator that is commonly found outside of health care settings. Often
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_interventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_pacemakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taxus_stent_FDA.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicose_veinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_soundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stethoscope-2.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous_Transluminal_Coronary_Angioplastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_external_counterpulsationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherectomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclitaxel


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Cardiologists use diagrams like this: a

heart with an ECG indicator

designed for anyone to use.

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

An implanted device to prevent life-threatening conditions (e.g., ventricular tachycardia

ventricular fibrillation).

Devices used to maintain blood pressure

Artificial heart

An internal pump that wholly replaces the pumping action of the heart.

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) / heart-lung machine

External pump to take over the function of both the heart and lungs.

Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)

A balloon placed in the thoracic aorta to supplement cardiac output from the heart.

Ventricular assist device

Internal pump to supplement or replace the pumping action of a ventricle.

Diagnostic tests and procedures

Various cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures.

Blood tests

Echocardiography ("echo")

Ultrasonography of the heart to inspect chambers, valves, and

blood flow.

Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE)

Echocardiogram of the heart through the thorax external

to the body.

Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

Echocardiogram of the heart through a catheter placed

in the esophagus.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart that utilizes

the ECG for gating and to look at specific mechanical functions of the heart.

Cardiac stress test

Testing of the cardiovascular system through controlled exercise or drugs.

Auscultation

Listening to sounds (e.g., heart sounds) with a stethoscope.

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)

Measurement of the electrical activity of the heart, typically with 4 or 10 electrodes on the skin.
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Cardiologist

Occupation

Names Doctor, Medical Specialist

Occupation

typeSpecialty

Activity

sectorsMedicine

Description

Education

required Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)Doctor of Osteopathic

Medicine (D.O.)

Holter monitor

Portable ECG device for continuous monitoring.

Electrophysiology study

Studying the electrical activity of the heart through the use of catheters placed in the heart via veins

or arteries.

Sphygmomanometer

Blood pressure cuff used to measure arterial blood pressure.

Cardiac marker

Testing for biomarkers in the blood that may indicate various conditions.

Coronary catheterization

Catheterization of the coronary arteries.

Fractional flow reserve (FFRmyo)

Testing the blood flow through a stenosis of a coronary artery to determine the perfusion of th

heart.

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)Ultrasonography of a coronary artery.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

Testing through the use of optical scattering for coronary artery disease.

Cardiologists

Robert Atkins (19302003), known for the Atkins

diet

Eugene Braunwald (born 1929), editor of

Braunwald's Heart Diseaseand 1000+

publications

Willem Einthoven (18601927), a physiologist

who built the first practical ECG and won the 1924

Nobel prize in medicine

Andreas Gruentzig (19391985), first developed

balloon angioplasty

Max Holzmann (1899-1994), co-founder of the

Swiss Society of Cardiology, president from 1952

1955

Samuel A. Levine (18911966), recognized the sign known as Levine's sign as well as the current

grading of the intensity of heart murmurs, known as the Levine scale

Henry Marriott (19172007), ECG interpretation andMarriott's Practical Electrocardiography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Einthovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levine_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_A._Levinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkins_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marriott%27s_Practical_Electrocardiography&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Braunwaldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_scatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_flow_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmurshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Gruentzighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holter_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_catheterizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology_studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levine%27s_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braunwald%27s_Heart_Disease&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Atkins_(nutritionist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Marriotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holzmann


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John Parkinson (18851976), known for WolffParkinsonWhite syndrome

Helen B. Taussig (18981986), founder of pediatric cardiology and extensively worked on blue baby

syndrome

Paul Dudley White (18861973), known for WolffParkinsonWhite syndrome

Louis Wolff (18981972), known for WolffParkinsonWhite syndrome

Bernard Lown (born 1921) known for being the original developer of the Defibrillator

Journals

Acta Cardiologica

American Journal of Cardiology

Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia

Cardiology

Cardiology in Review

Circulation

Circulation Research

Clinical and Experimental Hypertension

Clinical Cardiology

EP Europace

European Heart Journal

Heart

Heart RhythmInternational Journal of Cardiology

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology

Associations

American College of Cardiology

American Heart AssociationHeart Rhythm Society

National Heart Foundation of Australia

See also

Interventional cardiology

Clinical cardiac electrophysiology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_College_of_Cardiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_baby_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_(journal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacing_and_Clinical_Electrophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology_in_Reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Cardiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wolffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Parkinson%E2%80%93White_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(journal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heart_Foundation_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Parkinson_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_and_Experimental_Hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_B._Taussighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Heart_Journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP_%E2%80%93_Europacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dudley_Whitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Parkinson%E2%80%93White_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Cardiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Cardiac_Anaesthesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Rhythm_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Parkinson%E2%80%93White_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Cardiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Rhythmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_cardiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_cardiac_electrophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology_(journal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Cardiologicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Cardiology


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List of cardiac pharmaceutical agents

References

1. ^"Specialties & Subspecialties" (http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/development/aoa-board-

certification/Pages/specialty-subspecialty-certification.aspx). American Osteopathic Association. Retrieved

23 September 2012.

External links

U.S. National Institute of Health (NIH) : Heart and Circulation (http://health.nih.gov/search.asp/10)

American College of Cardiology (http://www.acc.org)

The Beginners Guide to Understanding Cardiology

(http://www.publicsafetydegrees.com/articles/ems/cardiology-guide.php)

Cardiology news website (http://www.theheart.org/)Cardiology Trials summaries (http://cardiologytrials.org)

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Categories: Cardiology

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