cardiac surgery and ptca

Cardiac Surgery

Wejdan Khater, RN, PhD NUR 415- Spring 2008

Jordan University of science and technology

04/11/23 Wejdan A. Khater 2

Cardiac Management

• Invasive Interventions include: PTCA, Laser Angioplasty, Directional Atherectomy, Stent Placement, & CABG


Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

• A balloon tipped catheter is inserted into narrowed coronary arteries and is inflated at the narrowed areas in order to widen the artery and remove the plaque.– Stents: A device called a stent may be placed. A stent is

a latticed (network/web), metal scaffold that is placed within the coronary artery to keep the vessel open.

• Patient is admitted in the same day of the procedure.


Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty [PTCA]

Indications for PTCA:– Alleviate angina pectoris unrelieved by medical treatment– Reduce the risk for MI– Acute MI– Persistent chest pain (angina)

• Pts with lesions >70% stenosisplacing large areas of heartAt risk for ischemia



Indications for PTCA:– Patients with surgical risk factors (elderly, poor LV Funx., sever underlying diseases).– Blockage of one or more coronary arteries (Multivessel occlusion)– Residual obstruction in a coronary artery during or after a heart attack

– Recurrent stenosis and graft– closure of coronary disease for patients underwent CABG.



• CONTRAINDICATIONS

• Patients with left main CAD.

• Mild stenosis less than 50%


PTCA


GOALS OF PTCA

• Improve blood flow to myocardium-”cracking” the atheroma

• PTCA done in cardiac catherization lab.– Several inflations & balloon sizes may be required to

achieve desired goal, usually defined as less <20% residual stenosis

• Advantages of PTCA– Performed under local anesthesia– Provides alternative to surgery– Eliminates recovery from thoracotomy surgery– Pt is ambulatory within 24hrs– LOS 1-3 Days vs 5-7 post CABG


Pre-procedure preparations

• Lab tests– Cardiac enzymes

– PT, PTT

– Electrolytes (K+)

– Creatinine & BUN

• Well hydrated patient before procedure


Pre-Procedure Preparations

Preoperative Medications – 24 hours before the procedure:– patient is placed on Aspirin 325 mg x 1/day– Nitroglycerine and Ca++ blockers x 3/day is

prescribed to prevent vasospasm– Hold anticoagulant drugs if taken (like warfarin).– metformin (antidaibetic agent) should be

discontinued.


Pre-Procedure Preparations

• Surgical standby• Food and fluid are restricted 6 to 8 hours before the

test.• health care provider should explain the procedure and

its risks. • A witnessed, signed consent for the procedure is

required.• Allergic history: to seafood, if the pt had a bad

reaction to contrast material in the past


PTCA -Intra procedure

• The patient is anticoagulated with 5000-10000 U of heparin bolus to prevent clot formation on the catheter system.– Bolus dose of heparin (2000-5000 U) may be needed to

maintain ACT (Activated Clotting Time) level of 250-300 seconds.

• Monitor patient anticoagulant status– ACT is monitored at baseline, 5 minutes after heparin

bolus, and every 30 minutes after for the duration of the procedure.


PTCA -Intra procedure

• The nurse must recognize signs and symptoms of contrast sensitivity, such as urticaria, blushing, anxiety, nausea, and laryngospasm.


PTCA –post procedure

• Bed rest 4-6 hours after sheaths removed (sheaths removed 3-4 hours after procedure).

• Maintain leg in strait position• Avoid flexing or bending leg at hip level• Avoid vigorous use of abdominal muscles

(coughing, sneezing).• Monitor ECG, VS, LOC• Neurovascular check below catheter insertion site

(color, sensation, pulses).


PTCA –post procedure

• Monitor sheath insertion site for bleeding (apply 5 lb sand bag, suture, collagen plugs).

• Monitor for signs of angina (chest pain) recurs.• If vasospasm occur, administer vasodilators

(nitro., isosorbide, nifidipine sublingual)• Patient sent home with Aspirin, Ca++ blockers, &

lipolytic drugs• Perform treadmill stress test 6 weeks after

procedure and compare to the one before the PTCA. Repeat the test at 6 months and 1 year.


COMPLICATIONS PTCA

• Hematoma at insertion site• Pseudoaneurysms• Embolism• Hypersensitivity to Dye• Re-stenosis, immediately or 3-6 mo’s• Dysrhythmias• Vessel rupture, need for emergent CABG• Angina, MI, and Vasospasm• Abrupt closure of dilated segment.• Coronary artery dissection• Travel of stent


OTHER INTERVENTIONAL CARDIAC PROCEDURES

• Laser Angioplasty-uses pulsed laser energy to vaporize plaque & reopen blocked arteries

• Coronary Atherectomy-involves widening of artery lumen by removing atherosclerotic plaque. Directional catheter is a device that shaves the plaque off vessel walls by means of a rotary cutting head, retaining the fragments in the device’s housing & removing them from vessel.


CURRENT INTERVENTIONAL CARDIAC PROCEDURES

• Intracoronary StentsUsed to prop or support the

arterial wall. Used to keep vessels open. Anticoagulant & antiplatelet meds given to reduce risk for thrombus formation at site


Stent

Coronary Artery Revascularization Bypass: CABG Procedure

CANDIDATES FOR CABG

PRE-OP, INTRA -OP,

& POST-OP CARE

COMPLICATIONS


What is Open Heart Surgery? It isn’t just CABG

• Valve replacement

• VSD

• Ascending Thoracic Aneurysm Repair

• Left Ventricular aneurysm repair

• Surgery to relieve hypertrophy in CMPs

• All need to be on the Cardio-pulmonary pump in the OR


WHAT IS CABG

• Coronary artery bypass graft is the surgical technique which uses saphenous leg veins as grafts (SVG) or the internal mammary (LIMA or RIMA) gastroepiploic/radial arteries as grafts to bypass obstructed portions of a coronary artery


WHAT IS CABG

Standard surgical coronary revascularisation Requires :

1. CPB

2. Aortic cross clamping

3. Global cardioplegia arrest


WHO NEEDS CABG?? CONDITIONS THAT NEED

CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION:

– Stable angina but meds not controlling pain, pt has function

– Non-successful PTCA with evolving MI– Unstable angina– A positive exercise tolerance test [treadmill], & lesions or

blockage that cannot be treated by PTCA– Exercise induced ventricular arrhythmias due to

myocardial ischemia– A Left Main Coronary lesion or blockage of more than

60% (50%)• Single or double vessel disease with type B or C lesions


WHO NEEDS CABG?? CONDITIONS THAT NEED

CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION:

• Three vessel CAD (70% stenosis) with depressed left ventricular function or two vessel CAD with proximal LAD involvement. In randomized trials, patients with three vessel and depressed LV function showed survival benefit with CABG compared to medical tx. Operative mortality increases when EF is less than 30%.

• Other: post infarct angina, thrombosis after PTCA


AHA/AC AHA/ACC Definition of Classes for Various Conditions C Definition of

C AHA/ACC Definition of Classes for Various Conditions

• Class I--Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a given procedure or treatment is useful and effective.

• Class II--Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness or efficacy of a procedure.

• Class IIa--The weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy.

• Class IIb--Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion.

• Class III--Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that the procedure/treatment is not useful/effective and, in some cases, may be harmful.


ACC/AHA Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

SurgeryIn Asymptomatic or Mild Angina

Class I 1. Significant left main coronary artery stenosis.2. Left main equivalent: significant ( 70%) stenosis of

the proximal LAD and proximal left circumflex artery.

3. Three-vessel disease. (Survival benefit is greater in patients with abnormal LV function; e.g., EF <0.50.)

Class IIa Proximal LAD stenosis with 1- or 2-vessel disease.*

Class IIb One- or 2-vessel disease not involving the proximal

LAD.


EMERGENCY VS ELECTIVE CABG

• The outcomes of the CABG are very dependent on the pre-op conditions!!

• Emergency cases come from the cath lab with death of tissue & many anticoagulants on board

• Elective cases come from home NPO & prepared


RISK FACTORS FOR CABG

• Age :pts over 70 are at a slightly higher risk for complications

• Gender – women have a slightly higher risk• Previous heart surgery – puts a person at higher risk• Having another serious medical condition such as

diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, kidney disease or lung disease

• Current Hemodynamic status• Concurrent medical conditions especially DM &

COPD


CABG

• Native vessels – Saphenous vein – Internal mammary artery

• Off–pump CABGIn many ways, off- pump bypass (or op – CABG ) is similar to

conventional bypass surgery .

The main difference lies in the fact that a heart – lung machine is

not used to employ cardiopulmonary bypass during the operation .

• Transmyocardial laser revascularization


Pre-operative

• ECG

• Laboratory (CBC, BUN, ABGs, PT, PTT)

• Preop. Teaching

• Familiarize patient to the ICU by touring the ICU unit

• Place A-line, Foley cath., thermodilution pulmonary artery.


PRE-OP NURSING CARE

• Teaching:– what this procedure will do for the patient’s

pathology- it is not a cure– cough, deep breath, splint incision– what the all the tubes do: chest, swan, Foley, ET,

leads– wound care- legs and sternum, possible

complications of osteomyelitis of the sternum


PRE-OP NURSING CARE

• Teaching:• Meds: effects of Nitro, dopamine, dobutamine &

pain meds• Anticipate mood changes or depression, anxiety, &

forgetfulness *new push to do CABG off the pump• Pre-op risk factor modification• Need for continuation of cardiotonic meds to

prevent ischemia prior CABG• Re-hydration may be necessary, if on chronic

diuretics


TEACHING NEEDS OF THE “REDO”

• It is a common misconception that patients who have already had CABG and need a “redo” do not need pre-op education- “they already know what will come.”

• Recent nursing research shows these patients have the same learning needs as the first timers. These same patients had a special interest in knowing who the health care workers were & what they would be doing for the patient


INTRA-OPERATIVE CARE

• Anticipate potential problems with:

• Myocardial ischemia due to– induction of

anesthesia– pre-op anxiety– cross clamp of the

aorta for valve repair– hypothermia


Vessel Patency

1. internal mammary artery graft 90% patency at 10 years

2. saphenous vein graft 50% patency at 10 years

3. PTCA of stenotic vessel 60% patency at 6 months

4. PTCA + stent of stenotic vessel 80% patency at 6 months


LIMA is the most commonly usedArterial graft, most commonly

grafted W/ LAD, 90-95% 10 yr patency

10 yr patency for vein grafts is 50%


CABG


Cardiopulmonary Bypass

• Moves oxygenated blood around the body during open heart surgery

• Core body temp is lowered to 28° C to 32°



Complications• Arrhythmias• Fluid resuscitation • Decreased cardiac contractility • Control of blood pressure• Respiratory problems • Postoperative bleeding


Overview of CABG procedure

Skin

incision

Expose breast bone

Divide breast bone

Retractor placed



pericardiotomy Heart visualized

Aortic cannula brings blood

from CPB to aorta

Venous cannula drains blood

From heart to CPB



Cardioplegia tube inserted

In aorta

Cardioplegia tube

In coronary sinus



Heart stopped, aortic clamp

Placed, no flow in heart Bypass vessel grafted

Clamp removed,

Cardioplegia reversed

Heart beating normally,

CPB stopped



Chest tubes

placed

Sternum closed w/

Metal wire

Skin closedSterile bandage applied


NURSING DIAGNOSIS INTRAOPERATIVELY FOR CABG

• High risk for injury r/t surgical position• High risk for infection r/t surgical disruption of

tissues• Knowledge deficit r/t perioperative events• High risk for impaired tissue integrity related to

bypass pump and hypothermia • Decreased cardiac output r/t to mechanical

factors (altered preload, afterload, contractility, and HR)

•


POST-OP NURSING CARE FOR CABG

INITIAL PRIORITIES• Patient is Admitted to the ICU first 24-72 hours.• Monitor 12-lead ECG• Maintain oxygenation, pulse Ox.• Monitor hemodynamic pressures/stability• Obtain Co, CI• Monitor chest tubes drainage (amount color, flow, air leak)• Chest radiology (x-ray to monitor chest tubes placement

and pulmonary congestion if any).


POST-OP NURSING CARE FOR CABG

INITIAL PRIORITIES

• Use of clinical pathways

• NOC, ND--NIC

• Complications-Prevention & Early Recognition

• Family information needs

• Pain control esp the elderly


Clinical Pathways

• LOS for uncomplicated CABG is 9.8 days- try to have patient home in 4 days

• Areas of progression– Activity– Nutrition– Elimination– Meds– Nursing interventions


Initial Priorities cont.

• Clarify drug drips, & obtain hemodynamic pressures

• record chest tube drainage, connect to suction, if ordered

• measure urine output hourly

• connect bladder probe

• clarify MD orders


Collaborative Management

• Resp. therapy for vents, IPPB,

• PT, PRN

• Pharmacy on drips

• Cardiac Rehab for discharge

• Social Service for placement


Initial Priorities cont.

• Rewarm the patient

• obtain CXR, ABG’s, electrolytes, & coag studies

• CXR– gives baseline on heart size, ET tube, pneumo, NG

tube, PA catheter, & pulmonary vasculartity


Priorities of Care

• PT. recovered in ICU

• Connect EKG leads, obtain BP,

• connect ventilator 80% -100% FIO2

• connect pulse oximeter

• connect transducer lines-PA, art, RA


COMPLICATIONS OF CABG: Early PO Period

• Low CO syndrome, 2L/m/m2-- caused by hypovolemia, acidosis, AMI, CHF, drugs, such as Inderal, mediastinal tamponade, incr. SVR

• Systemic HTN, & Cardiac arrhythmias• Microemboli to lungs, heart, brain , & kidneys• It is now the routine to do a carotid duplex before elective

CABG to see if carotids have plaque or narrowing, & many CABG’s now include carotid endarterectomy to prevent CVA

• Fever• Electrolyte imbalances• Depression or confusion, agitation & disorientation• DIC, ARDS.


Complications: Hypothermia

• Hypothermia– Common complication

– Assess T0 by pulmonary artery or tympanic membrane T0 in ICU

– Rectal T0 does NOT correlate to core T0 until 8 hours after surgery

– Prevent Shivering.

– Monitor for T0 overshoot


Complications: Bleeding

• PO blood loss not to exceed 300cc/hr (200) in first several hours. After several hours should slow to 150-200 cc/hr.The average total loss is 1 liter. Use the auto transfuser on chest tube drainage to re infuse

• Possible bleed sites– leg & chest wounds

– cardiac tamponade- heart is compressed by blood in the mediastinal. The heart is unable to fill adequately causing low CO and Hypotension


Complications

• Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)– Fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, increased WBCs

• Steroids before surgery

• Pain at surgery site, leg, neck and back– Sever first 3-4 days post surgery– Differentiate angina from incisional pain– Morphine, Fentanyl, Hydromorphone (Dilaudid), NSAID

(Toradol)– PCA pumps– Alternative therapies


Complications of CABG: Late Postoperative Period

• Wound Infection

• Hepatitis

• Pancreatitis [early or late]

• Post-pericardiotomy syndrome

• Systemic arterial emboli & infective endocarditis, with valvular surgeries

• Occlusion of graft


Complications of CABG

Complications include 2-5% reoperation for bleeding, up to 75% transient impairment of intellectual function, 1-5% stroke rate, 40% early (2-3d) atrial fibrillation and 1% bradyarrhythmia requiring permanent pacemaker. The incidence of sternal wound infections is increased when both internal mammary arteries are used. There is an 8-12% early saphenous vein graft occlusion rate.


Prevention of CABG Complications

• Preventing Cardiovascular Complications– Volume resuscitation:

• Fluids (NS, hyperosmolar fluid (3% NS), Blood)• Maintain hemodynamic parameters (CVP, PAWP,

CI)• Assess extremities and peripheral pulses

– Monitor for Dysrhythmias• Antiarhythmic drugs• Monitor K, Mg



• Preventing Cardiovascular Complications (Continued)

– Improving cardiac contractility• Volume resuscitation• Drugs; sympathomemetic (epinephrine, doputamine,

milrinone)• IABP

– Controlling BP:• Maintain MAP > 70 mm Hg or SBP > 120 mm Hg• Reduce afterload by medications (nitroprusside,

ACE inhibitors, nitroglycerine, hydrralazine)



• Preventing Pulmonary Complications– Monitor O2 Sat., ABG, O2 delivery (starting 40%-50%),

PEEP (5-10 mmHg), Mode (Assisted, SIMV, CPAP), tidal volume, end -tidal Co2.

– Intensive use of IS, ambulation, monitor breath sounds

• Preventing Neurological Complications:– Patient is allowed to wake up as soon as possible– If unable to clear narcotics, Naloxone is used to reverse

narcotics.– Assess LOC (motor & sensory)– CT & MRI



• Preventing Renal complications• Preventing GI complications• Preventing Endocrine complications• Preventing Infection


Nursing Diagnosis

• Impaired gas exchange r/t ventilation/perfusion mismatching or intrapulmonary shunting, cardiopulmonary bypass, anesthesia, poor chest expansion, atelectasis, retained secretions

• Ineffective airway clearance r/t excessive secretions of abnormal viscosity of mucus

• Fluid volume deficit r/t loss in OR


Nursing Diagnosis

• Decreased Cardiac Output related to – Changes in LV preload, afterload, and

contractility – Cardiac dysrhythmias

• Decreased Tissue Perfusion related to – Cardiopulmonary bypass, decreased CO,

hypotension


Nursing Diagnosis

• Risk for infection r/t invasive catheter, surg. Wds.

• Acute pain r/t transmission and perception of cutaneous visceral, muscular, or ischemic pain [Gerontological Consider.]

• Knowledge deficit r/t risk factor modification, discharge regime


Nursing Diagnosis

• Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit related to abnormal bleeding

• Impaired Comfort related to endotracheal tube, surgical incision, chest tubes, rib spreading

• Anxiety related to fear of death, ICU environment


HEART TRANSPLANTATION

INDICATIONS• End Stage Coronary Artery Disease; Valvular Disease• Congenital Heart Abnormalities; CardiomyopathyGENERAL CRITERIA:• A life expectancy of only 6-12 months because of end-stage cardiac

disease. Ages neonatal-65yr old• Absence of chemical dependence• Familial or social support• Commitment of lifelong medical regimen & follow-up• Many centers grade the severity of heart failure by NY Heart

Association Functional classification of HD.


IABP

• increase myocardial oxygen supply (coronary blood flow) & decrease myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing afterload

• Secondary: improvement of cardiac output (CO), ejection fraction (EF), increase of coronary perfusion pressure and systemic perfusion, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance

• supplementing cardiac output by 20 - 30 %


IABP

Indications

• Cardiac failure after a cardiac surgical procedure• Refractory angina despite maximal medical

management• Perioperative treatment of complications due to

myocardial infarction• Failed PTCA• As a bridge to cardiac transplantation


IABP

Indications

• Prophylactic use prior to cardiac surgery in patients with:– Left main disease– Unstable angina– Poor left ventricular function– Severe aortic stenosis


IABP


IABP

Positioning

The end of the balloon should be just distal to the takeoff of the left subclavian artery

Position should be confirmed by fluoroscopy or chest x-ray


IAPB


IABP

• Inflation at the onset of diastole

• Deflation occurs just prior to the onset of systole


IABP

•Trigger:

–patient’s ECG signal, patient’s arterial waveform or intrinsic pump rate

•The most common method:

–triggering R wave of the patient’s ECG signal

–balloon inflation start in the middle of the T wave

–balloon deflate prior to the ending QRS complex

•Balloon synchronization:

–starts usually at a beat ratio of 1:2


IABP

• inflation is too early or deflation too late:– results in an increase in afterload– ventricular emptying is incomplete

• inflation is too late or deflation is too early:– diastolic augmentation is suboptimal


Weaning of IABP/

Decreasing inotropic support

Decreasing pump ratio• weaning from the IABP: gradually decreasing the balloon augmentation ratio under control of hemodynamic stability

•Decrease assist ratio from 1:1 to 1:2 and so on until minimum assist ratio is achieved•The first decrease in assist should be maintained for up to 4-6 hours (minimum 30 minutes)

• After appropriate observation at 1:8 counterpulsation, the balloon pump is removed.


IABP/complications

• Limb ischemia– Thrombosis– Emboli

• Bleeding and insertion site– Groin hematomas

• Aortic perforation and/or dissection• Renal failure and bowel ischemia• Neurological complications including paraplegia• Heparin induced thrombocytopenia• Infection


IABP/Complications


IABP Removal

• Discontinue heparin six hours prior• Check platelets and coagulation factors• Deflate the balloon• Apply manual pressure above and below IABP

insertion site• Remove and alternate pressure to expel any clots• Apply constant pressure to the insertion site for a

minimum of 30 minutes• Check distal pulses frequently

cardiac surgery and ptca

Education

cardiac transplantation

endstage cardiac disease

improvement of cardiac

nursing diagnosis risk

cardiac catherization

gi complications

renal complications

endocrine complications