Department of Physics

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

CARBON NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS

FROM WASTE ENGINE OIL

AND ITS FIELD ELECTRON EMISSION PROPERTIES

Main Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suriani Abu Bakar

Co-Supervisors : Dr. Mohamad Hafiz Mamat (UiTM)

Prof. Dr. Abdul Rahman Mohamed (USM)

SUHUFA ALFARISA

M20131000689

MATERIAL PHYSICS

14th January, 2015

OUTLINES

1. OVERVIEW

2. RESEARCH BACKGROUND

3. RESEARCH PROBLEMS

4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

5. METHODOLOGY

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

8. REFERENCES

9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

2

1. OVERVIEW

WEO Ferrocene

catalyst

2-TCVD

carbon material on Si

substratesCS / CNTs

ZnO

MgZnOSi

substrate

CS / CNTs

Si

substrate

ZnO

MgZnO

Carbon/ZnO

composite structure

3

2. RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Nanotechnology :

Fabrications, characterizations,

and applications of a system,

Material or devices in the size

of nanoscale which is

1 to 100 nm.

Carbon materials

have wide range

applications due to

their unique properties;

conductive, strong, etc.

Conventional carbon

sources to produce

carbon materials are

expensive due to the

limited availability.

Several natural oils and

waste materials have

been introduced for the

production of carbon

materials.

12

3

High carbon content of

Waste engine oil (WEO)

made it suitable as precursor

for nanostructured carbon

production. WEO has been

used for the production of

carbon sphere (CS) using dry

autoclaving method.

4

Composite structure of

carbon material with

another nanostructured

can enhance the

performance of material.

5

CNTs/ZnO composite

has been reported gave a

better field emission

properties as compared

to CNTs or ZnO only.

6

4

Nanotechnology :

Fabrications, characterizations,

and applications of a system,

Material or devices in the size

of nanoscale which is

1 to 100 nm.

Carbon materials

have wide range

applications due to

their unique properties;

conductive, strong, etc.

12

High carbon content of

Waste engine oil (WEO)

made it suitable as precursor

for nanostructured carbon

production. WEO has been

used for the production of

carbon sphere (CS) using dry

autoclaving method.

4

2. RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Carbon can be formed into many kinds of nanostructured

diamond

amorphous carbon

(a-C) graphite

grapheneCarbon nanotubes

(CNTs)

spherical

carbon material

RESEARCH BACKGROUND – CARBON MATERIALS

Various nanostructured carbon (Scarselli, Castrucci, & Crescenzi, 2012; J. Wang, Hu,

Xu, & Zhao, 2014).

5

Carbon spheres (CS) spherical shape of carbon structure with severallayers.

CNTs made from a single or multi layers of graphene sheets which arerolled up into tubular shape.

The research on carbon materials is more intensively studied after thediscovery of spherical carbon namely fullerene by Kroto et al. (1985) and thereport on CNTs by Iijima (1991).

RESEARCH BACKGROUND – CARBON MATERIALS

Very strong, sharp, and

flexible thus the tip can

bent to touch the hilt

A research group from University of Dresden in 2006 revealed the existence of

CNTs in Damascus sword, which was used by Salahudin Al Ayubi and his army in

Crusades III (1192).

6

ENERGYHigh surface area

Catalysis support

Ion adsorption

Supercapacitor

Battery

ELECTRONICSHigh current density

High electron mobility

High thermal conductivity

Metallic/semiconductive

Transistor

Wiring

Conductive transparent thin film

Electron emitter

Sensor

MATERIALLight

High physical strength

High wear resistance

Reinforced resin/metal

Composite material

Filler

(sport equipment, tyre)

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Strong adsorption

High surface area

High affinity binding

Biosensor

Drug delivery system

CNTs

CS

RESEARCH BACKGROUND – CARBON MATERIALS 7

RESEARCH BACKGROUND – CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION

SYNTHESIS METHOD

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for carbon materials production: chemical

process to produce carbon materials by the decomposition of carbon

precursor (gas, solid or liquid).

The presence of catalyst (seeded or floated catalyst).

Thermal CVD (TCVD) using thermal energy during the reaction process.

TCVD

1-stage

2-stage

simple preparation

easy controlled growth by changing thesynthesis parameter (temperature, carriergas flow, synthesis time, etc)

Good quality

Promising for large scale production

Cost effective

8

RESEARCH BACKGROUND – CARBON PRECURSORS

CARBON PRECURSORS

The use of conventional fossil fuel carbon source is notefficient and cost effective due to:

non-renewable propertieslimited availability

expensive

Natural precursors for carbon material production;

turpentine, eucalyptus, palm, corn, sesame, olive oil.

However, the use of these natural precursor is less effectivedue to its collision with food and health sector.

Waste materials were then used as alternative precursor;

waste cooking palm oil, chicken fat, waste plastic, banana peel, heavyoil residue, WEO.

9

RESEARCH BACKGROUND – WASTE CARBON PRECURSORS

No. Authors Precursors Methods Findings

1. Kukovitskii, et al. (1997)

Chem. Phys. Lett. 266(3-4),

323-328.

Waste plastic

(polyethylene)

Catalytic

pyrolisis

Carbon fiber

(CF), CNTs

2. Arnaiz et al. (2013)

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

52(42), 14847-14854.

Waste plastic

(polyethylene)

CVD CNTs

3. Oh et al. (2012)

Sci. Tech. Adv. Mater.

13(2), 025004.

Waste bottle

plastic

Microwave

irradiation

CNTs

4. Suriani, et al. (2010)

J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn.

118(1382), 963-968.

Waste cooking

palm oil

Thermal CVD

(TCVD)

CNTs

5. Suriani et al. (2013)

Mater. Lett. 101, 61-64.

Waste chicken fat Thermal CVD

(TCVD)

CNTs

Table 1. Production of carbon materials using waste precursors

10

RESEARCH BACKGROUND – WASTE CARBON PRECURSOR

No. Authors Precursors Methods Findings

6. Datta, Dutta et al. (2013)

J. Nanopart. Res. 15(7), 1-

15.

Waste natural oils

(mustard, soybean,

sesame and castor)

Dry

autoclaving

Carbon

nanowhiskers

7. Datta, Sadhu et al. (2013)

Corros. Sci. 73, 356–364.

Waste engine oil

(WEO)

Dry

autoclaving

CS

8. Li et al. (2012)

Chem. Eng. J. 211-212,

255-259.

Heavy oil residue CVD CNTs

9. Mopoung (2011)

Int. J. Phys.Sci. 6, 1789-

1792.

Banana peel Pyrolisis CNTs,

nanocarbon

10. Mohammed (2013)

Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2013,

1-6.

Deoiled asphalt CVD CS

11

WASTE ENGINE OIL

RESEARCH BACKGROUND – WASTE ENGINE OIL

Scientific

• High carbon content/hydrocarbon chain

• 85.01 wt% (CHNS analysis)

• C10 to C27 (GC-MS analysis)

Scientific

• Contain heavy metal contaminant which can be used asadditional catalyst for the growth of carbon materials.

Economic

• Abundant waste

• Cheaper

• Available and easy collect in large volume

Environ-

ment

• Conventionally, WEO is converted into diesel fuel, re-refinedinto lubricating oil.

• Illegal disposal of WEO can harm and pollute environment

12

WASTE ENGINE OIL

RESEARCH BACKGROUND – WASTE ENGINE OIL

Scientific

• High carbon content/hydrocarbon chain

• 85.01 wt% (CHNS analysis)

• C10 to C27 (GC-MS analysis)

Scientific

• Contain metal contaminants which can be used as additionalcatalyst for the growth of carbon materials.

Economic

• Abundant waste

• Cheaper

• Available and easy collect in large volume

Environ-

ment

• Conventionally, WEO is converted into diesel fuel, re-refinedinto lubricating oil.

• Illegal disposal of WEO can harm and pollute environment

13

RESEARCH PROBLEMS

Expensive and limited conventional sources to produces carbon

material

Abundance

of WEO

NOVEL SOLUTION

WEO as carbon source toproduce carbon materials

Pollution caused by illegal disposal

of WEO

PRODUCTS

3. RESEARCH PROBLEMS

14

1. To produce carbon nanostructured materials from waste engine oil

using thermal chemical vapor deposition method at various synthesis

parameters.

3. To fabricate carbon/zinc oxide nanostructures composites.

4. To investigate field electron emission properties of carbon

nanostructured materials from waste engine oil and carbon/zinc oxide

nanostructures composites.

2. To characterize the structure and properties of carbon nanostructured

materials from waste engine oil.

4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

15

5. METHODOLOGYSynthesis of Carbon Nanostructured Materials

Substrate Preparation-Substrate: Silicon (2x2) cm2

Cleaning procedure-Solvent: methanol, acetone, DI water.

Device: Ultrasonic cleaner

Synthesis Method-Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition (TCVD)

Method using 2-stages TCVD furnace with Ar as carrier gas.

Carbon Source-Waste engine oil (WEO)

Oil Characterizations-TGA, CHNS, GCMS, FTIR and ICP-OES

Precursor Preparation-Catalyst: Ferrocene

Method-WEO+ferrocene mixture was stirred for 30 mins

Carbon Nanostructured Materials

Synthesis temperatures: 600-1000°C; catalyst concentrations: 5.33-19.99 wt%; precursor temperatures: 400-600°C; precursor volumes:

3-9 ml; synthesis times: 10-60 mins; different carbon sources: car WEO and motor WEO.

Carbon/ZnO Nanostructures Composites

Carbon material: CS and CNTs; configuration: ZnO on the top of carbon material and vice versa.

Deposition of ZnO Nanostructures

Seeded Catalyst-MgZnO

Materials-zinc acetate dehydrate [Zn(CH3CO)2.2H2O], 2-

methoxyethanol [C3H8O2], mono-ethanolamine [C2H7NO] and

magnesium nitrate hexahydrate [Mg(NO3)2.6H2O]

Method-Sol-gel technique using spin coater

Materials-zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O),

hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, H2NCH2CH2OH) and DI water

Method-Immersion in water bath

Synthesis Parameters and Characterizations

Characterizations-FESEM, TEM, EDX, micro-Raman spectroscopy, TGA, XRD, I-V and FEE measurement.

Application-Field electron emission

16

SYNTHESIS OF CARBON MATERIALS

METHODOLOGY – SYNTHESIS OF CARBON MATERIALS

Schematic diagram of 2-stage TCVD system

1. WEO+ferrocene catalyst mixture

2. Put the mixture in an alumina

boat and load into the precursor

furnace

3. Si substrates were arranged in the

synthesis furnace

4. Flow the Argon carrier gas for 10 mins before the synthesis process start.

5. Set the synthesis and precursor furnace temperatures.

6. Reaction process.

7. Annealing process

8. Sample collection

The experiment was repeated for other

various parameter set-up.

17

SYNTHESIS OF ZnO NANOSTRUCTURES

METHODOLOGY – SYNTHESIS OF ZnO NANOSTRUCTURE

1. Deposition of MgZnO seeded catalyst using spin coating

technique.

2. Synthesis of ZnO

nanostructure using sol- gel

immersion method

Synthesis process of ZnO nanostructure using

sol-gel immersion process

18

CS / CNTs

ZnO

MgZnO

Si substrate

CS / CNTs

Si substrate

ZnO

MgZnO

ZnO-coated carbon

Carbon-coated ZnO

QUASI-ALIGNED CNTs

Precursor temperature : 500 C

Synthesis temperature : 750 C

Precursor volume : 4 ml

Catalyst concentration : 17.99 wt%

Synthesis time : 30 min

Diameter:

18.0 – 34.0 nm

Length:

14.5 µm

Growth rate:

0.48 µm min-1

FESEM images of quasi-aligned CNTs synthesised from WEO

19

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

20RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – QUASI-ALIGNED CNTs

Q1

IF: 2.269

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – QUASI-ALIGNED CNTs

18 nm

0.34 nm

5 nm

0.256 nm

10 nm

HRTEM image of quasi-aligned CNTsMicro-Raman

spectrum

TGA and DTA curvesXRD pattern

ID/IG = 0.9

21

GROWTH MECHANISM OF QUASI-ALIGNED CNTs SYNTHESISED FROM WEO

Ferrocene was initially decomposed at around 185 C to form Fe catalyst particles and

deposited on the substrate in the synthesis zone.

Catalytic cracking of WEO into lighter hydrocarbon and other vapour elements:

CxHyOz(l)+H2O(l) Cx’Hy’Oz’(g)+Cx’Hy’(g)+CO(g) +CO2(g)+H2(g)+H2O(g)+OH

The carbon containing elements dissolved and diffused through Fe particles until reached

saturate condition.

The carbon crystallized out to form the walls of CNTs.

When the catalyst activity has lowered, a-C formed attach to the wall of CNTs.

Due to the weak Fe – substrate adhesion, the Fe catalyst was easily lifted upward

encapsulated the inner tube of CNTs

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – QUASI-ALIGNED CNTs 22

Various synthesis parameters were carried out to optimized theproduction of carbon materials:

• Synthesis temperature : 600 – 1000 C

• Catalyst concentration : 5.33 – 19.99 wt%

• Precursor temperature : 400 – 600 C

• Precursor volume : 3 – 9 ml

• Synthesis time : 10 – 60 minutes

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – PARAMETERS OPTIMIZATION

Al-Cu alloy nanowires

decorated with CS

CS

2323

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – CARBON/ZnO COMPOSITE

CNTs/ZnO COMPOSITE

ZnO Nanorods

ZnO-coated CNTs

Diameter :

42.8 – 285.7 nm

Length:

1.5 m

Diameter : 35.7 – 80.0 nm

2525

Sharper hexagonal tip of ZnO structure was observed with the

decrement of rod size.

The supplies of ZnO precursor for the normal growth of ZnO nanorods

decreased due to the interaction between CNTs and ZnO precursor.

MgZnO particles deposited on the carbon materials and served as a

better nucleation site for ZnO nanorods.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – CARBON/ZnO COMPOSITE

ZnO-coated CS

26

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – CARBON/ZnO COMPOSITE

CNTs-coated ZnO

Dense short CNTs with diameter :

32.0 – 44.4 nm

2727

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – FEE MEASUREMENT

FIELD ELECTRON EMISSION MEASUREMENT

Ability of the sample to emitelectron.

Applications: display (FED),flat lamp, scanning probe.

J vs E curve of CNTs and ZnO nanorods

J vs E curve of CNTs/ZnO composite

Schematic diagram of

FEE measurement

set-up

Fowler-Nordheim equation (Fowler & Nordheim, 1928)

28

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – FEE MEASUREMENT 29

Field enhancement factor () of material can be calculated from the

slope of ln (J/E2) vs 1/E curve using the equation:

= -B3/2 / slopeCNTs

ZnO

CNTs-coated ZnO

ZnO-coated CNTs

The nature morphology of CNTs with high aspect ratio and small tip radius curvature are

beneficial for FEE application. However, high density of CNTs often led to the screening

effect which made the emission less stable.

ZnO nanomaterials have negative electron affinity (Jin et al., 2009) which can support the

current emission due to their ability to emit electrons to the vacuum with little energy loss.

CNTs-coated ZnO is considered has the best FEE performance with lowest threshold field

and highest current density reached.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – FEE MEASUREMENT

Sample Turn On (V/µm)

at 0.1 µA/cm2

Threshold (V/µm)

at 1 µA/cm2

J max (µA/cm2)

CNTs 4.12 7.19 3.63 5161

ZnO 5.65 7.34 3.46 2452

ZnO-coated CS 3.48 6.35 3.78 5879

CS-coated ZnO 6.83 7.88 2.51 755

ZnO-coated CNTs 5.99 6.31 77.8 1803

CNTs-coated ZnO 4.80 5.64 280.0 1558

Table 3. FEE properties of carbon materials and their composite structure

30

7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

Carbon nanostructured materials including CS, Al-Cu alloy nanowires

decorated with CS and CNTs were successfully synthesized using WEO as

starting material using TCVD method.

Generally, the changes in synthesis parameters affected the morphology,

size and quality of carbon materials. In case of production of CNTs, they also

affected the growth rate of nanotubes.

Production of CS was achieved at higher synthesis temperature (800-900°C)

and lower catalyst concentration (5.33 wt%).

Quasi-aligned CNTs were successfully produced at synthesis and precursor

temperature of 750 and 500°C, respectively using 17.99 wt% catalyst

concentration in 4 ml precursor and the synthesis process lasted for 30 min.

CONCLUSIONS

31

CONCLUSIONS 32

Carbon/ZnO nanostructure composites were successfully synthesized

with different kind of carbon materials (CS and CNTs) and

configurations (carbon-coated ZnO and ZnO-coated carbon).

Quasi-aligned CNTs presented the best FEE performances with lower

turn on (4.12 V/µm) at 0.1 µA/cm2 , highest current maximum of 3.63

µA/cm2.

Generally, the presence of ZnO nanostructures wheatear at the bottom

or on the top of carbon materials has successfully enhanced the FEE

properties of composite materials.

32

The FEE enhancement of the samples was mainly affected by the

morphology and geometrical changes of carbon materials or ZnO

nanostructures which improved the emission site of emitter.

High conductivity of carbon materials also promoted a better

electron transfer and led to the enhancement of field emission.

Moreover, the presence of carbon materials acted as a good additional

catalyst which improved the uniformity and crystal quality of ZnO

nanostructures.

CNTs-coated ZnO sample gave the best FEE performances in term

of the highest current density reached (280.0 µA/cm2) and lowest

threshold field (5.64 V/µm) at 1 µA/cm2

CONCLUSIONS 3333

34

Modified and larger TCVD system with the continuous supply ofprecursor is suggested to be developed for higher production ofcarbon materials.

The use of injection or sprayer system is proposed in order tointroduce the precursor to the system.

For certain applications, in order optimize the performance of carbonmaterials especially CNTs from WEO, purification of the producedsamples is suggested to be done.

Purification of carbon materials can be achieved by post annealingtreatment at high temperature condition or chemical purificationwith acid treatment.

FUTURE WORKS

34

FUTURE WORKS 35

Intensive studies on the other properties of carbon materials from

WEO such as mechanical, optical, thermal and magnetic properties

are needed to be performed in order to expand their applications.

For the composite structure of carbon materials with ZnO, such more

efficient methods which involves lower synthesis temperature should

be considered to minimize the effect on the composite structure.

Composite of carbon materials with other metal oxides or

nanostructured materials can be studied in order to meet the other

desired applications.

35

REFERENCESArnaiz, N., Gomez-Rico, M.F., Gullon, I.M., & Font, R. (2013). Production of carbon nanotubes from

polyethylene pyrolysis gas and effect of temperature. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52(42), 14847-14854.

Datta, A., Dutta, P., Sadhu, A., Maiti, S., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2013). Single-step scalable conversion of waste

natural oils to carbon nanowhiskers and their interaction with mammalian cells. Journal of Nanoparticle

Research, 15(7), 1-15.

Datta, A., Sadhu, A., Sen, B., Kaur, M., Sharma, R., Das, S. C., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2013). Analysis of the

acid, base and air oxidized carbon microspheres synthesized in a single step from waste engine oil.

Corrosion Science, 73, 356–364.

Fowler, R. H., & Nordheim, L. (1928). Electron emission in intense electric fields. Paper presented at the

Proceedings of the Royal Society London, Series A.

Kukovitskii, E. F., Chernozatonskii, L. A., L'Vov, S. G., & Mel'nik, N. N. (1997). Carbon nanotubes of

polyethylene. Chemical Physics Letters, 266(3-4), 323-328.

Li, Y., Wang, H., Wang, G., & Gao, J. (2012). Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes from heavy oil

residue. Chemical Engineering Journal, 211-212, 255-259.

Mopoung, S. (2011). Occurrence of carbon nanotube from banana peel activated carbon mixed with mineral

oil. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 6, 1789-1792.

Oh, E., Lee, J., Jung, S.-H., Cho, S., Kim, H.-J., Lee, S.-H., … Han D. S. (2012). Turning refuse plastic into

multi-walled carbon nanotube forest. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 13(2), 025004.

.

Scarselli, M., Castrucci, P., & Crescenzi, M. D. (2012). Electronic and optoelectronic nano-devices based on

carbon nanotubes. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 24(31), 313202

Suriani, A. B., Dalila, A. R., Mohamed, A., Mamat, M. H., Salina, M., Rosmi, M. S., ... Rusop, M. (2013).

Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes synthesized from waste chicken fat. Materials Letters, 101, 61-64.

doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2013.03.075

Suriani, A. B., Md Nor, R., & Rusop, M. (2010). Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes synthesized from waste

cooking palm oil. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 118(1382), 963-968. doi:

10.2109/jcersj2.118.963

Wang, J., Hu, Z., Xu, J., & Zhao, Y. (2014). Therapeutic applications of low-toxicity spherical nanocarbon

materials. NPG Asia Materials, 6(2), e84.

37

PUBLISHED PAPERS

1. A.B. Suriani, S. Alfarisa, A. Mohamed, I.M. Isa, A. Kamari, N.H. Hashim, M.H. Mamat, A.R.

Mohamed and M. Rusop, “Quasi-aligned Carbon Nanotubes Synthesised from Waste Engine Oil”.

Materials Letters , 2015, 139 (220-223).

2. S. Alfarisa, A.B. Suriani, A. Mohamed, N. Hashim, A. Kamari, I.M. Isa, M.H. Mamat, A.R.

Mohamed and M. Rusop, “Carbon Nanostructures Production from Waste Materials: A Review”.

Accepted to be published in Advanced Materials Research journal (Proceedings of NANO-

SCITECH 2015).

3. R.N. Safitri, A.B. Suriani, S. Alfarisa, A. Mohamed, N. Hashim, A. Kamari, I.M. Isa, A.R.

Mohamed and M. Rusop, “Zinc Oxide/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites: Synthesis Methods

and Applications”. Accepted to be published in Advanced Materials Research journal

(Proceedings of NANO-SCITECH 2015).

4. J. Norhafizah, A.B. Suriani, S. Alfarisa, J. Rosly, I.M. Isa, A. Mohamed, A. Kamari, N. Hashim

and M. Rusop, “The Effect of Time Interval on Waste Cooking Palm Oil Injection for Carbon

nanotubes Production”. Accepted to be published in Advanced Materials Research journal

(Proceedings of NANO-SCITECH 2015).

5. J. Norhafizah, A.B. Suriani, S. Alfarisa, J. Rosly, I.M. Isa, A. Mohamed, A. Kamari, N. Hashim

and M. Rusop, “Mass Production of Carbon Nanotubes and Its Future Application: A Review”.

Accepted to be published in Advanced Materials Research journal (Proceedings of NANO-

SCITECH 2015).

6. M.D. Norhafizah, A.B. Suriani, S. Alfarisa, I.M. Isa, A. Mohamed, A. Kamari, N. Hashim and

M. Rusop, “A review: Synthesis Methods of Graphene and Its Application in Supercapacitor

Devices”. Accepted to be published in Advanced Materials Research journal (Proceedings of

NANO-SCITECH 2014).

7. M.D. Norhafizah, A.B. Suriani, S. Alfarisa, I.M. Isa, A. Mohamed, A. Kamari, N. Hashim and

M. Rusop, “The Synthesis of Graphene Oxide via Electrochemical Exfoliation Method”.

Accepted to be published in Advanced Materials Research journal (Proceedings of NANO-

SCITECH 2014).

3939

PRESENTATIONS

1. S. Alfarisa, A.B. Suriani, A.R. Dalila, A. Mohamed, I.M. Isa, M.H. Mamat and A.R. Mohamed, “Field

Emission Enhancement of Zinc Oxide Nanorods Grown on Carbon Spheres.”

Presented at 2nd International Postgraduate Conference on Science and Mathematics, Tanjung Malim,

Perak, Malaysia, October 18-19th, 2014.

2. S. Alfarisa, A.B. Suriani, M.H. Mamat A.R. Mohamed and M. Rusop, “The Effect of Catalyst

Concentration on the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes from Waste Engine Oil Precursor.”

Presented at Malaysia-Japan International Conference on Nanoscience, Nanotechnology &

Nanoengineering 2014, Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia, February 28th – March 2nd, 2014.

3. S. Alfarisa, A.B. Suriani, M.H. Mamat A.R. Mohamed and M. Rusop, ”Effect of Synthesis Temperature

on the Growth of Carbon-based Materials.”

Presented at Malaysia-Japan International Conference on Nanoscience, Nanotechnology &

Nanoengineering 2014, Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia, February 28th – March 2nd, 2014.

4. S. Alfarisa, A.B. Suriani, A.R. Dalila, A.R. Mohamed, M.H. Mamat and M. Rusop, “Synthesis of

copper-aluminium nanowires decorated with carbon spheres from waste engine oil precursor.”

Presented at International Conference on Innovation Challenges in Multidisciplinary Research and

Practice (ICMRP 2013), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December 13th-14th, 2013.

40

AWARDS

1. “Conversion of Waste Materials into Nanostructured Carbon.” Silver Award at Bio

Innovation Award 2014, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 19th-21st, 2014.

2. “Synthesis of copper-aluminium nanowires decorated with carbon spheres from waste

engine oil precursor.” Best Session Paper Awards at International Conference on

Innovation Challenges in Multidisciplinary Research and Practice (ICMRP 2013), Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia, December 13-14th, 2013.

41

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• MALAYSIA TORAY SCIENCE FOUNDATION

(MTSF, GRANT REFF: 2012-0137-102-11)

• RESEACH ACCULTURATION COLLABORATIVE

EFFORT (RACE, GRANT REFF: 2012-0147-102-62)

• DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITI

PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

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