secondary electron emission in the limit of low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1....

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Secondary Electron Emission in Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low Energy and its Effect on High Energy Physics Accelerators Physics Accelerators A. N. ANDRONOV, A. S. SMIRNOV, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University I D KAGANOVICH E A STARTSEV Y RAITSES R C DAVIDSON I. D. KAGANOVICH, E. A. STARTSEV , Y . RAITSES, R. C. DAVIDSON Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University V. DEMIDOV West Virginia University 1

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Page 1: Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1. 31. · Secondary Electron Emission in ... surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron

Secondary Electron Emission inSecondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low Energy

and its Effect on High Energy Physics AcceleratorsPhysics Accelerators

A. N. ANDRONOV, A. S. SMIRNOV, 

St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University

I D KAGANOVICH E A STARTSEV Y RAITSES R C DAVIDSONI. D. KAGANOVICH, E. A. STARTSEV, Y. RAITSES, R. C. DAVIDSON

Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University

V. DEMIDOV

West Virginia University 1

Page 2: Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1. 31. · Secondary Electron Emission in ... surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron

Is the secondary electron emission coefficient approaches it i th li it f i l t ?unity in the limit of zero primary electron energy?

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Implications of the secondary electron emission coefficient approaching unity in the limit of zero primary electron pp g y p yenergyTotal secondary electron emission coefficient  Simulated average heat load in an LHC(δ) and contribution to it of secondaries and reflected electrons from a fully scrubbed Cu surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron energy.

dipole magnet as a function of proton bunch population at 0.45 TeV, for a SEY considering the elastic reflection (dashed line) or ignoring it (full line).energy. (full line).

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Page 4: Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1. 31. · Secondary Electron Emission in ... surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron

Long (forgotten) history of secondary electron i i di h iemission studies suggests otherwise.

• Theoretical• Theoretical– Quantum diffraction from potential barrier

• Experimental– Difficulties of measurements at low incident– Difficulties of measurements at low incident electron energy

– Previous careful measurements showing contrary g yobservation 

– Probe measurements in plasma will not work

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Page 5: Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1. 31. · Secondary Electron Emission in ... surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron

Quantum diffraction from potential barrierQuantum diffraction from potential barrier

Incident electronQuantum mechanical effect due to electron

Scattered electron

Quantum‐mechanical effect due to electron diffraction off a simple negative potential step at the surface. The electron reflection coefficient, R, which is the ratio of the electroncoefficient, R, which is the ratio of the electron reflected and incident fluxes, for an electron with energy, ε,  from a simple negative potential step (well) of amplitude Vi : 

21/2 1/2

1/2 1/2

( )

( )iV

RV

ε ε

ε ε

⎡ ⎤+ −⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ i( )iVε ε+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Here, Vi is the internal potential of solid, typically of 10‐20 V, not 150V as mentioned in the Letter. Eq. gives R=0.67 for ε=0.01Vi, and R=0.29 for ε=0.1Vi. However, relation for the reflection coefficient does not account for electron acceleration toward the surface by the image charge in the metal. Due to image charge, an electron with negligible initial energy approaches the surface with energy of the order internal potential of solid. Detail calculation taking the image charge force into account [1] gives R=2‐4%, for typical values ofcalculation taking the image charge force into account [1] gives R 2 4%, for typical values of the internal potential of solid 10 eV.   

[1]. L. A. MacColl, Phys. Rev. 56, 699 (1939).5

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Quantum diffraction from potential barrierQuantum diffraction from potential barrier

Incident electron Surface

Scattered electron

primary electron

backscattered electron

ϑ atom

21/2 1/2

1/2 1/2

( )

( )iV

RV

ε ε

ε ε

⎡ ⎤+ −⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ Electron energy in vacuum εElectron energy in solids ε +Vi

maxcos i

i

VV

ϑε

=+( )

iVε ε+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Due to image charge, an electron with negligible initial energy approaches the surface with energy of the order internal potential of solid Electrons are scatter in collisions with atoms

gyElectron energy in solids ε Vi

energy of the order internal potential of solid.  Electrons are scatter in collisions with atoms and cannot overcome barrier due to smaller normal to the surface velocity. Therefore, the escape angle and, as a result, escape probability and R go to zero when ε ‐> 0*.

*I. M Bronshtein, B. S Fraiman. Secondary Electron Emission. Moscow, Russia: Atomizdat, p. 408 (1969).

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It is very difficult to produce collimated electron beam with few eV energy for measurements of secondary electron emission gy y

coefficient at low incident electron energy.

An electron gun is at fixed energy. 

Electrons are decelerated with a retarding potential at the target.  => 

The energy spectrum of electrons arriving at the target is not known sufficiently and many of returning electrons are reflected from asufficiently, and many of returning electrons are reflected from a retarding electric field without any interaction with the target.

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Page 8: Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1. 31. · Secondary Electron Emission in ... surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron

Previous careful measurements showing b icontrary observation 

Total secondary electron yield of Cu as a function of incident electron energy. 1 from the letter for fully scrubbed Cu (T 10 K) 2 Experimental data for bulk1. from the letter for fully scrubbed Cu (T=10 K). 2. Experimental data for bulk Cu after heating in vacuum (room temperature).

δ 1. R. Cimino, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 014801 (2004).

0 7

0,8

0,9

1,0 2. I. M Bronshtein, B. S Fraiman. Secondary Electron Emission. Moscow, Russia: Atomizdat, p. 408 (1969). 

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,71 Other measurements reported the reflection

coefficient of about 7% for incident electron energy below few electron volts for most pure metals

0,1

0,2

0,3 2metals.I.H. Khan, J. P. Hobson, and R.A. Armstrong,

Phys. Rev. 129, 1513 (1963).H. Heil, Phys. Rev. 164, 887, (1967).

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350,0

Primary energy (eV)Z. Yakubova and N. A. Gorbatyi, Russian Physics Journal, 13 1477 (1970).

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Page 9: Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1. 31. · Secondary Electron Emission in ... surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron

Previous careful measurements showing b icontrary observation 

Total secondary electron yield of Al as a function of incident electron energy. 

δTotal secondary electron yield of Ni. 

Total secondary electron yield of Si. 

I M Bronshtein B S Fraiman SecondaryI. M Bronshtein, B. S Fraiman. Secondary Electron Emission. Moscow, Russia: Atomizdat, p. 60 (1969).  9

Page 10: Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1. 31. · Secondary Electron Emission in ... surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron

Previous careful measurements showing b icontrary observation 

Total secondary electron yield of Mo as a function of incident electron energy f d i b l h i fafter degassing by prolong heating of target.

Total secondary electron yield of Ge. 

I M Bronshtein B S Fraiman SecondaryI. M Bronshtein, B. S Fraiman. Secondary Electron Emission. Moscow, Russia: Atomizdat, p. 60 (1969).  10

Page 11: Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1. 31. · Secondary Electron Emission in ... surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron

Previous careful measurements showing b icontrary observation 

Total secondary electron yield f il d lof silver and tantalum as a 

function of incident electron energy after degassing by prolong heating of target

Total secondary electron yield of Ge. 

prolong heating of target.

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Page 12: Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1. 31. · Secondary Electron Emission in ... surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron

Previous careful measurements showing b icontrary observation 

Total secondary electron yield of tungsten and gold.

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Page 13: Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1. 31. · Secondary Electron Emission in ... surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron

Reflection is large in dielectrics based on oxides h l M i i 0 7 3 Vor halogens. Maximum is ~0.7 at 3eV  

Total secondary electron yield of NaCl, and oxides of barium and yttrium. E i i i i d d i di l i h d fEmission is increased due to scattering on dislocations, phonons and surface states. Emission starts from threshold of photo‐effect as a function of photon energy. 

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Page 14: Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1. 31. · Secondary Electron Emission in ... surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron

If the reflection coefficient of low energy electrons is large, the operation of probes collecting electron g , p p g

current will be strongly affected1

This has not been observed. In the afterglow, electrons cool rapidly to Te ~ 0.2 eV. A small amount of fast electrons with well defined energy arise from the Penning ionization  A* + A*→ A + A+ +ef2. fBy measuring probe characteristic it is possible to determine if the peak on probe characteristic is widen or shifted relative to the value  due to electron reflection form the probe surface. It was shown that there is no change in probe characteristics for clean probe within accuracy 0.16eV 2. 

1. K. Wiesemann, Ann. Phys. Lpz 27 303 (1971).2. V. I. Demidov, N. B. Kolokolov, and O. G. 

Toronov, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 29, 230 y y(1984). 

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Page 15: Secondary Electron Emission in the Limit of Low energy v3critten/cesrta/ecloud/... · 2012. 1. 31. · Secondary Electron Emission in ... surface at 9 K as a function of primary electron

ConclusionsConclusions

New discovery is sometimes old forgotten factsNew discovery is sometimes old forgotten facts.

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