Carbon Capture and StorageCarbon Capture and StorageThe Developments WorldwideThe Developments WorldwideThe Developments WorldwideThe Developments Worldwide

Tim DixonTim DixonIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

EEF - February 19th 2008

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IntroductionIntroduction• Introduction to IEA GHG

• What is CCS ?at s CCS

• Why CCS ? Fossil fuels and climate change

• Is it safe ?

• International policy and regulatory developments

• International project developments

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IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme• A collaborative research programme founded in 1991• Aim is to:

Provide members with definitive information on the role thatProvide members with definitive information on the role that technology can play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

• Producing information that is:• Objective, trustworthy, independent• Policy relevant but NOT policy prescriptive• Reviewed by external Expert Reviewersy p• Subject to review of policy implications by Members

• Activities: Studies (>100), R&D networks (6), Communications :-f ilit ti d f i R&D d d t ti ti iti

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facilitating and focussing R&D and demonstration activities• Funding approximately 2 million €/year.

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What is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)?What is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)?

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Carbon Capture and StorageCarbon Capture and Storage

CaptureTransport85-90% Transport85-90%

Storage

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CO2 StorageCO2 Storage• Saline

Aquifers

• Depleted oil/gas reservoirs

• Enhanced Oil Recovery

• Enhanced Coal Bed

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Methane

CO2 Trapping MechanismsCO2 Trapping Mechanisms• Physically trapped beneath caprock

timescale: immediately

• CO2 is trapped by capillary forcestimescale: 1- 100s yrs

• CO2 dissolves in watertimescale: 1-1000s yrs

• CO2 converts to solid mineralstimescale: 100s – 10,000s yrs

www.ieagreen.org.uk• Trapping becomes more secure with time

CO2 Storage CapacityCO2 Storage Capacity

Storage Option Global C it GtCapacity - GtCO2

Depleted gas fields 690Depleted oil fields/CO2-EOR

120

Deep saline aquifers 400 - 10 000

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Unminable coal seams 40 Global CO2 emissions ~30 Gt pa

Costs Costs -- UK power UK power generation costs generation costs (central (central assumptions with assumptions with EUEU--ETS)ETS)

Nuclear

Onshore Wind (80MW)

Offshore Wind (100MW)

(( ))

•ROC buyout price

•Market pricePF with FGD with CCS

IGCC with CCS

CCGT with CCS

Nuclear

Market price

IGCC

CCGT

Retrofit PF with FGD with CCS

Market price

price 2006

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

PF with FGD

£/MWh

price 02/2008

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Ie CCS = 12.5-25% increase coe •UK DTI Energy Review 2006

Why CCS ?Why CCS ?

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Predicted Future Global WarmingPredicted Future Global Warming•Global Temperature •Global CO2 Emissions

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•Source: IPCC 2007

STERN REVIEW: The Economics of Climate Change(already at about 430 ppm CO2e – all GHG not just CO2)(already at about 430 ppm CO2e all GHG, not just CO2)

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World Primary Energy Demand•18•18 •Other renewables

•Biomass

•12•14•16

oil eq

uivale

nt

•12•14•16

oil eq

uivale

nt •Biomass•Hydro•Nuclear•GasOil

•6•8

•10

n ton

nes o

f o

•6•8

•10

n ton

nes o

f o •Oil•Coal

•0•2•46

•billi

on

•0•2•46

•billi

on

Global demand grows by more than half over the next quarter of a

•0•1980 •1990 •2000 •2010 •2020 •2030•0•1980 •1990 •2000 •2010 •2020 •2030

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century, with coal use rising most in absolute terms(IEA/OEACD WEO 2007)

Reference Scenario:Reference Scenario:

China & India in Global COChina & India in Global CO22 Emissions Emissions •Cumulative Energy-Related CO2 Emissions

•United States

•European Union

•Japan

•China

•India•1900-2005•2006-2030

•Around 60% of the global increase in emissions in 2005 2030

•0 •100 •200 •300 •400 •500•billion tonnes

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•Around 60% of the global increase in emissions in 2005-2030 •comes from China & India

45 42 GtNo one solution is enough

35

40CCS in industry - 3%CCS in power generation - 9%Nuclear - 13%

Renewables - 20%

30

of CO

2

Switching from coal to gas - 8%

End Use electricity efficiency - 17%

E d U f l ffi i 30%

20

25Gt End Use fuel efficiency - 30%

23 Gt

27 Gt

10

15 Source: IEAWorld Energy Outlook 2007

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10

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030Outlook 2007

•WEO Conclusion : Next 10 years are critical - The pace of capacity additions will be most rapid - Technology will be “locked-in” for decades

Role of CCS in climate change mitigation?Role of CCS in climate change mitigation?• IPCC Special Report (2005) CCS contributing 15-55% of CO2• IPCC Special Report (2005) – CCS contributing 15-55% of CO2

mitigation to 2100

• IEA Technology Perspectives (2006) – CCS 20-28% of gy p ( )mitigation to 2050. Second only to energy efficiency.

• Stern Report (2006) – CCS ~10% mitigation by 2025, ~20% by 2050 M i l iti ti t ith t CCS i b 60%2050. Marginal mitigation costs without CCS increase by ~60%.

• EC/Shell (2007) - 7 yrs delay CCS = 90GT CO2 to 2050 = 3 yrs global emissions = 10ppmglobal emissions = 10ppm

• World Energy Outlook 2007. “CCS is one of the most promising routes for mitigating emissions in the longer term and could reconcile continued

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for mitigating emissions in the longer term and could reconcile continued coal burning with the need to cut emissions in the longer term”.

Is it Safe ?Is it Safe ?

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IPCC Special Report on CCS (2005)IPCC Special Report on CCS (2005)

• “Observations from engineered and natural analogues as well as models suggest that the fraction retained in appropriately selected andsuggest that the fraction retained in appropriately selected and managed geological reservoirs is very likely to exceed 99% over 100 years and is likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years. “

• “For well-selected, designed and managed sites, the vast majority of the CO2 will gradually be immobilized by various trapping mechanisms and, in that case could be retained for up to millions of years Storage couldin that case, could be retained for up to millions of years. Storage could become more secure over longer timescales. ”

“Local health and safety risks for CO2 pipelines could be similar or lower

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• “Local health and safety risks for CO2 pipelines could be similar or lower than hydrocarbon pipelines.”

IPCC Guidelines for GHG InventoriesIPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories• Apr 2006• Apr 2006• Vol 2 Energy, Chp 5 - CO2 Transport, Injection and Geological Storage

• Methodology• Methodology

Site characterisation – inc leakage pathways

Assessment of risk of leakage – simulation / modelling

Monitoring – monitoring plan g g p

Reporting – inc CO2 inj and emissions from storage site

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• For appropriately selected and managed sites, supports zero leakage assumption unless monitoring indicates otherwise

IPCC Guidelines for GHG IPCC Guidelines for GHG –– cont.cont.Monitoring PlanMonitoring Plan• Measurement of background fluxes of CO2• Continuous measurement of CO2 injected• Monitoring of injection emissions

P i di it i f CO2 di t ib ti• Periodic monitoring of CO2 distribution• Monitoring of CO2 fluxes to surface

• Post-injection monitoring – as above, linked to modelling, may be j g , g, yreduced or discontinued once CO2 stabilises at its predicted long-term distribution

• Incorporate improvements in technologies and techniques over time

Monitoring technologies – Annex 1• Deep subsurface technologies• Shallow subsurface technologies

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• Surface / water technologies

Site Characterisation and Modelling

Year 2021 Year 2412 Year 2621

Y 5019 Year 7018

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Year 5019 Year 7018

•Kilde: Gemini No. 1, 2004 (NTNU and Sintef)

MonitoringMonitoring

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Statoil 20074D seismic used to monitor the CO2 plume

If leakage were to occur ?If leakage were to occur ?Remediation methods available from oil and gas expertise g p• Well integrity

• Re-seal and re-plug well (cement, heavy mud)• Repair or replace well casing/tubing/packing• Repair or replace well casing/tubing/packing• Intercept well• - long-established techniques

C k• Caprock • Remove accumulated CO2• Reduce pressure in reservoir • Increase pressure in strata above• Inject sealing foam/gel/cement

• Costs - ~ 1-10 $m

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$• Also can stop using site

I t ti l P li d R l tI t ti l P li d R l tInternational Policy and Regulatory International Policy and Regulatory DevelopmentsDevelopments

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London Convention and ProtocolLondon Convention and Protocol• Marine Treaty - Global agreement regulating disposal of wastes and

other matter at sea• Convention 1972 (83 countries), Protocol 1996 – ratified March 2006 ( ),

(31 countries)

CCS• CCS scenarios prohibited by LP - considered as disposal• Assessed by LC Scientific Group

• 2006 - Risk Assessment Framework for CO2

• Amendment adopted at 28th Consultative Meeting, 2 Nov 2006 -came into force 10 Feb 2007 - to allow disposal of:-

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p“ CO2 streams from CO2 capture processes for sequestration...”

Simulated and observed marine pH ranges till 2100g

8.4

8.6

•pH range for the last 20 million years

8

8.2•pH range for the last 20 million years

7.6

7.8pH

7.2

7.4

7

7.2

190 ppm 280 ppm 370 ppm 500 ppm 700 ppm 1000 ppm

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Glacial Pre-ind Now 2050 2100 2100 worstcase

PML 2005

•PML: Impacts and Feedbacks in a High CO2 World?

•Synergistic Effects

•Ocean Acidification•Climate Change

•Biogases: sea/air flux

•Ocean Acidification

•Feedbacks with climate change

•Climate Change

•Feedbacks with ocean acidification flux

•CH4, N2O, DMS…•Ocean CO2uptake

climate change

•Increased thermal and freshwater stratification

ocean acidification

•Decreasing surface ocean pH

•C, N, •P, Si, S

•Pelagic biodiversity and biogeochemistry

Experimentation

Modelling

•Benthic biodiversity

•Benthic-Pelagic coupling

•Meroplankton: larvae and juveniles

•Decreasing nutrient and O2 flux Observation

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•Benthic biodiversity and biogeochemistry

•Turley, Plymouth Marine Laboratory

Example: Leakage at a rate of Example: Leakage at a rate of 3 million tons 3 million tons COCO22 per yearper year

www.ieagreen.org.uk•Slide courtesy Ken Caldeira; Data Chen et al., 2005

Simulation of a continuous leak over 1 yearpH anomaly compared with no leak - based on capacity of one pipeline

•-0.02

pipeline

Short term leak will have a very small and spatially limited impact

A long term leak will have a measurable and wider spread impact, but

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the impact is small compared with atmospherically driven acidificationBlackford, J.C., Gilbert, F.J., 2007. pH variability and CO2 induced acidification in the North Sea. Journal of Marine Systems 64

OSPAROSPAR• Marine Treaty for NE Atlanticy• 15 nations and EC

• CCS scenarios prohibited• Considered CO2 impacts on seas• Considered CCS

• OSPAR amendments (to Annexes II and III) for CO2 storage adopted June 2007

OS G• OSPAR Decision – requirement to use Guidelines when permitting, including risk assessment and management process

• OSPAR Guidelines for Risk Assessment and Management of Storage

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of CO2 in Geological Formations

EC Draft CCS DirectiveEC Draft CCS DirectiveEnabling regulatory framework to ensureEnabling regulatory framework to ensure environmentally sound CCS (23 Jan 2008)

• Follows IPCC GHG Guidelines and OSPAR• Objective is permanent storage• Permits will be required for CCS • Permit only if “no significant risk of leakage”y g g• Emphasis on site selection, characterisation, risk assessment, monitoring• Corrective measures• Financial security required from operatorFinancial security required from operator• Liability transfer to regulatory authority “when evidence indicates contained

for indefinate future” – only then may monitoring reduce or cease• Removes regulatory barriers in other Directives – IPPC, Waste, LCPD,

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g y , , ,Water, EIA, ELD

• Capture-ready

ETS DirectiveETS DirectiveTo strengthen, expand and improve the ETS from 2013

CCS• Can already be included in Phase II (2008-2012) by ‘opt-in’• CCS fully included from 2013

• Site and operation will need to comply with CCS Directive• Needs monitoring and reporting guidelines

• No free allocation to CCS (same as electricity)• Separate permitting of capture, transport and storage

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• If any leakage – surrendering of allowances

Regulatory developments in other regionsRegulatory developments in other regions• USA – Existing Underground Injection Control programme for ground

water protection adapted for Pilot projects• Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission has developed

recommendations for regulations for CO2 storage at a State Levelrecommendations for regulations for CO2 storage at a State Level• US EPA are developing Federal level regulations for CO2 storage

• Australia• Will adapt Federal Oil and Gas Laws • State of Victoria has a consultation document for CCS

• Canada• Canada – acid gas injection and CO2-EOR already permitted in states like

AlbertaAlberta• Federal Task Force developing CCS regulations

• Japan • Adapted marine laws but has no oil and gas laws to adopt for CCS

M t i ti l itti t ti ti l d

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• Most existing laws cover; permitting, construction, operational and abandonment phases but NOT post closure

Multinational Initiatives Multinational Initiatives • Carbon Sequestration Leadership ForumCarbon Sequestration Leadership Forum

• To facilitate development and deployment of improved cost-effective technologies for CCS

• 2003. 21 Countries and EC

• Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate • To accelerate the development and deployment of clean energyTo accelerate the development and deployment of clean energy

technologies• 2006. 6 Countries

• G8 – 2005. 5 initiatives on CCS

• EU-China Near Zero Emissions Coal project (NZEC) 2005

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EU China Near Zero Emissions Coal project (NZEC) 2005

• Feasibility study for CCS in China, leading towards demonstration

International CCS Project DevelopmentsInternational CCS Project Developments

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Current COCurrent CO22 Injection and Storage ProjectsInjection and Storage Projects50 Acid Gas

Snohvit

Sleipner

K-12BP W t

4 New CO2-EOR Pilots in Canada

50 Acid Gas injection sites in North America

Zama

Nagaoka

Hokkaido•Qinshui Basin

In Salah

RECOPOLCO2 SINKK 12B

•Frio

•West Pearl Queen•Mountaineer

WeyburnPenn West

Alberta ECBM

Teapot DomeRangely

Burlington

•Carson

70 CO2-EOR projects in U.S.A.

Key

ECBM projects

EOR j t

Depleted Oil Field

Otway Basin

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EOR projects

Gas production Fields

Saline aquifier

Proposed Integrated CCS ProjectsProposed Integrated CCS Projects

DF1 HALTEN

SaskPowerCentrica

E.ONMongstad

E.ONRWERWESaskPower

FutureGen HypoGen

nZECDF2 DF4GREENGEN

Lacq

Key

Pre-Combustion Capture

IGCC

DF3

Stanwell

Hazelwood

CallideLNG

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IGCC

Oxy-Fuel

Post-Combustion

SleipnerSleipner, Norway , Norway –– injecting 1mt since 1997injecting 1mt since 1997

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SleipnerSleipner

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In In SalahSalah• Algeria• BP with Sonatrach &BP with Sonatrach &

Statiol• Started in 2004Started in 2004• Natural gas clean-up• Storing 1 million tons• Storing 1 million tons

of CO2 annuallyInjecting into reservoir

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• Injecting into reservoir aquifer

WeyburnWeyburn• Capture from coal• Capture from coal

gasification in the USA by Dakota Gas

• Injection for enhanced oil recovery in Canada by EncanaEncana

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Recent Project Developments in EU.......Recent Project Developments in EU.......Including:g• UK

• CCS demo – full scale, coal, post-combustion, offshore storage• GermanyGermany

• Ketzin - injection• RWE planning a 450 MWe coal fired IGCC project with on-shore

storage• Vattenfall have a built a 30 MW CO2 capture pilot plant

• Plans to build a 300MW demonstration project in Germany• EON and Siemens – CO2 capture pilot plant

F• France• Lacq Project. Total. 2008. Oxyfuel. 150kt - CO2 aquifer. 27km

pipeline• Netherlands

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Netherlands• CO2 injection into K12B field• NUON _ IGCC CO2 capture

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

• General - www.ieagreen.org.ukg g• CCS - www.co2captureandstorage.info

•GHGT-9•16th – 19th November

2009

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•Washington D.C.•www.mit.edu/ghgt9