Carbohydrates & Cell Energy

Honors Biology ch 4 & 15

Macromoleculesin the

Biosphere

Biosphere:The spacetime that life inhabits

Autotrophs:Convert light energy into chemical energyEx: plants, algae, & bacteria

Quick Review: Ecology

Matter (Carbon) cycles through the biosphere

Quick Review: Ecology

Carbon is an element:4 valence electronsAbility to make 4 stable covalent bonds

Quick Review: Biochemistry

Macromolecules are large organic carbon compoundsCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids

Life is built out of carbon molecules

Part 1: Carbohydrates

MonosaccharideSimple (one sugar) carbohydratesex: glucose (C6H12O6)

PolysaccharideComplex carbohydratesex: starches (C1nH2nO1n)

Carbohydrate Structure

Biological Functions:Short term energyStructural supportCell tags (antennae)

Human Acquisition:GrainsFruits

Carbohydrate Functions

Plants:Cellulose, Sucrose, Fructose…

Animals:Glycogen, Chitin…

Biological Examples of Carbs

How are these molecules constructed in the biosphere

Building Carbohydrates

Light energyCO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2(Carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose)

(oxygen)

Photosynthesis

Part 2: Photosynthesis

Light energyCO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2(Carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose)

(oxygen)

Photosynthesis

Plant StructuresPlant Organs:

Leaves are responsible for photosynthesisPlant Cells:

Contain chloroplast organelles

Chloroplast StructuresStroma:

Fluid inside the chloroplastThylakoid:

Saclike structure that contains chlorophyll

Chlorophyll Structure & FunctionPigment that absorbs light energy

Photosynthesis Detailed ProcessVery complex molecular process:

matter cycles and energy flows

Stage 1: Light Dependent Reactions (thylakoid)Water is split apart by light & Oxygen is

producedStage 2: Light Independent Reactions

(stroma)Carbon dioxide is fixed into Glucose

Photosynthesis Basic Process

Light dependent reaction: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535:

:535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120072/bio13.swf::Photosynthetic%20Electron%20Transport%20and%20ATP%20Synthesis

Light Independent Animation http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070960526/student_view0/chap

ter5/animation_quiz_1.html

Photosynthesis Rap http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wi60tQa8jfE&safety_mode=true&pe

rsist_safety_mode=1

Photosynthesis Animations

Aerobic

Part 3A: Cellular Respiration

Autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energyCO2 + H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + O2

Review Photosynthesis

Process that converts glucose energy into ATP energyOccurs in ALL living cells

Cellular Respiration

Adenosine Triphosphate is a usable form of cell energy

ATP Structure & Function

Type 1: Aerobic RespirationRequires O2

Type 2: Anaerobic RespirationDoes not require O2

Types of Cellular Respiration

Chemical process which occurs in the Mitochondria

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP

Aerobic Cellular Respiration Basics

Matrix:Fluid inside the mitochondrion

Cristae:Internal membrane in the mitochondrion

Mitochondria Structures

Aerobic C.R. Detailed Process

Stage 1 Glycolysis (cytoplasm)C6H12O6 is broken down into smaller carbon

moleculesStage 2 Krebs Cycle (matrix)

Smaller carbon molecules are broken down into CO2

Aerobic C.R. Basic Process

Stage 3 Oxidative Phosphorylation (Cristae)O2, E-, & H+ from Stage 1 & 2 make ATP

molecules

Aerobic C.R. Basic Process

Start with Chemical Energy (Glucose)Convert to Usable Chemical Energy (many

ATP)Use ATP and release Heat Energy

Energy summary of Aerobic C.R.

Animation:http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anima

tions/content/cellularrespiration.html

Rap:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCpNk92us

wY

Audio/visual representations

Anaerobic

Part 3B: Cellular Respiration

Process that converts glucose energy into ATP energyOccurs in ALL living cells

Type 1: Aerobic RespirationRequires O2

Type 2: Anaerobic RespirationDoes not require O2

Review Cellular Respiration

Review Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Many organisms live without O2 and/or mitochondria

Life without O2

Chemical process which produces ATP without O2Stage 1 Glycolysis

Glucose smaller carbon moleculesStage 2 Lactic Acid Fermentation

C6H12O6 C2H5OH + CO2 + ATP

ORStage 2 Alcoholic Fermentation

C6H12O6 CH3CHOHCOOH + ATP

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

All Cells Undergo Cellular Respiration