PRESENT CONTINUOUS PASSIVEThe air is being polluted by fumes from cars and trucks. O ar est sendo poluda pela fumaa de carros e caminhes.City streets are being damagedas a result of heavy traffic. As ruas da cidade esto sendo danificadas como resultado do trfego pesado.Patholes arent being repaireddue to a lack of funding.Patholes no esto sendo reparados devido a uma falta de financiamento.PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVEMany parks have been lostthrough overbuilding.Muitos parques foram perdidos atravs excesso de construo.The homeless have been displacedbecause of overcrowding in city shelters.Os sem-teto foram deslocados por causa da superlotao dos abrigos da cidade.

Passive with prepositions

Regra: Passive: Subject + verb be (was, is, has been..) + Past Participle. Subject + is / are being + past participle. Sujeito + ser / esta sendo + particpio passado.The present continuous passive describes an action + has is in progress right now.O presente passivo contnuo descreve uma ao + tem est em andamento no momento.

Preposies mais comuns:By, por, because of, por causa de, as a result of, como resultado de, through, por meio de, atravs de, due to, devido .

A) Match the photos of environmental problems with the sentences belowA) Corresponde s fotografias dos problemas ambientais com as frases abaixo1. Air pollution is threatening the health of people in urban areas. (by).1. A poluio do ar est ameaando a sade das pessoas em reas urbanas. (de).R= The health of people in urban is being threatening by air pollution.R) A sade das pessoas em reas urbanas est sendo ameaada pela poluio do ar.2. Livestock farms have contaminated soil and underground water. (because of).2. Exploraes pecurias ter contaminado o solo e a gua subterrnea. (por causa de).R) The soil and underground water have been contaminated because of livestock farms.R) O solo e a gua subterrnea foram contaminados por causa de exploraes pecurias.3. Acid rain has eroded statues and buildings. (as a result of)3. A chuva cida tem esttuas e edifcios erodidas. (como resultado de)R= Statues and buildings has been eroded as a result of acid rain.R = esttuas e edifcios sofreu eroso como resultado da chuva cida.4. Oil spills are harming birds, fish, and other marine life. (through)4. Os derramamentos de petrleo esto prejudicando aves, peixes e outras espcies marinhas. (Atravs dos)R= Birds, fish and others marine life are been harmed through oil spills.R = Aves, peixes e outras vidas marinhas foram sido prejudicados atravs dos derramamentos de petrleo.5. The growth of suburbs has eaten up huge amounts of farmland. (due to). 5. O crescimento dos subrbios consumiu grandes quantidades de terras agrcolas. (devido a).R= Huge amounts of farmland has been eatened up due to the growth of suburbs. Ver em vermelho/conferir6. The destruction of rain forests is accelerating the extinction of plants and wildlife. (by)6. A destruio das florestas tropicais est acelerando a extino de plantas e animais selvagens. (de)R=. The extinction of plants and wildlife is being accelerating by the destruction of rain forestsR= A extino de plantas e animais selvagens est sendo acelerado pela destruio das florestas tropicais

Infinitive clauses and phrases

8 . GRAMMAR FOCUS One way to change things is to talk the companys management.Another way to stop them is to get a TV station to run a story.The best ways to fight cancer areto do more research and educate people.

Find one or more solutions for each problem.Problems1. One way to reduce famine is H/B2. The best way to fight HIV/AIDS is D3. One way to stop political unrest is F4. One thing to improve air quality is G5. The best way to reduce poverty is H/C6. One thing to help the homeless is A/C/HSolutionsa. to build more public housing.b. to train people in modern farming methodsc. to start free vocational training programs.d. to educate people on how diseases are spreade. to have more police on the streets.f. to provide ways for people to voice their concernsg. To develop cleaner public transportationh. To create more jobs for the unemployed

Would rather and Would prefer

Would rather takes the base form of the verb. Would prefer usually takes an infinitive. Both are followed by not in the negative.Would you rather take a media class or a health class? I d rather take a media class.I d rather not take either.I d rather take another course than study media or health.Would you prefer to study film studies or broadcasting?I d prefer to study film. I d prefer not to study either

Lets join a choir.I d rather not join a choir.I d rather not.I d prefer not to join a choir.I d prefer not to

Complete the conversations with would and the appropriate form of the verbs in parentheses.1. A: . you prefer . a course in exercise science or nutritional science? (take) B: I'd prefer . for a nutritional science course because its more useful for me in nursing. (register) 2. A: . you rather . English in Australia or Canada? (learn) B: I think Id prefer . In Australia because its warmer there. (study) 3. A: If you needed to learn a new skill, . you prefer . a class or . a private tutor?(attend / have) B: Id rather . for a class than . a tutor. Private tutors are too expensive! (sign up / have) 4 . A: . you rather . a choir or an orchestra? (join) B: Id rather .. in a choir than . In an orchestra. (sing / play) 5. A: . You prefer .. Broadcasting or film studies? (major in) B: To tell you the truth, Id prefer not . Either. Id rather . For a newspaper. (do / work)

By + gerund to describe how to do things.

You could improve your accent by listening to language CDs.I learn new words best by writing them on pieces of paper and sticking them on things.The best way to learn slang is not by watching the news but by watching movies.

Complete the phrases with information. (More than one answer is possible)

You can improve your accent by talking to native English speakersA good way to learn idioms is by doing translation exercisesStudents can become better writers by writing to English speaking pen palsA good way to learn vocabulary is by studying a learners dictionary....by role playing with a partnerPeople can become faster readers by reading magazines in EnglishOne way of practicing conversation is by joining a caf conversation group....by talking to yourself in the showerYou can learn to use grammar correctly by having a private tutorThe best way to develop self confidence in speaking English Is by watching American movies.