cancer screening education. developed by: walking forward program, john t. vucurevich regional...
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Cancer Screening Education
Cancer Screening Education
Developed by:Developed by:
• Walking Forward Program, John T. Vucurevich Regional Cancer Care Institute
• Native American Cancer Research
• Cancer Information Service
• Supported by National Cancer Institute
• Walking Forward Program, John T. Vucurevich Regional Cancer Care Institute
• Native American Cancer Research
• Cancer Information Service
• Supported by National Cancer Institute
Please turn off your cell phones or switch
them to “vibrate” mode.
Please turn off your cell phones or switch
them to “vibrate” mode.
Cancer Screening & Early DetectionCancer Screening & Early Detection
Checking for cancer in a person who does not have any symptoms of the disease is called screening.
Checking for cancer in a person who does not have any symptoms of the disease is called screening.
Cancer Screening & Early Detection
Cancer Screening & Early Detection
• The goal of early detection is to discover a
cancerous tumor at the earliest stage
possible.
• This way it can be stopped before it grows
and spreads or metastasizes.
• The goal of early detection is to discover a
cancerous tumor at the earliest stage
possible.
• This way it can be stopped before it grows
and spreads or metastasizes.
• Breast – Screening mammogram, clinical breast exam, self-breast exam
• Cervix - Pap test
• Breast – Screening mammogram, clinical breast exam, self-breast exam
• Cervix - Pap test
Screening Tests for Common Types of Cancer
Screening Tests for Common Types of Cancer
Screening Tests for Common Types of Cancer
Screening Tests for Common Types of Cancer
• Prostate - Digital rectal exam, prostate specific antigen blood test (PSA)
• Colon - Fecal occult blood test, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, digital rectal exam
• Prostate - Digital rectal exam, prostate specific antigen blood test (PSA)
• Colon - Fecal occult blood test, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, digital rectal exam
Barriers to Cancer Screening and Early Detection
Barriers to Cancer Screening and Early Detection
• Examples of barriers include:
– Difficulties of travel to the doctors and hospitals
– Complicated health care system
– Fear
• Examples of barriers include:
– Difficulties of travel to the doctors and hospitals
– Complicated health care system
– Fear
Cancer
Indian Health Service Reports on Cause of Death
Cancer Incidence Rates1999-2004
Cancer Incidence Rates1999-2004
U.S. Southern Plains
Northern Plains
AIAN AIAN AIAN
All
Cancers
368.4 492.6 538.1
Source: Cancer registries in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) D. Espey, Monograph Group.
What Is Cancer?What Is Cancer?
Video: Cancer in the Great LandVideo: Cancer in the Great Land
Risk FactorsRisk Factors• Cancer develops over time.
It is a result of a combination of:–Lifestyle (daily behaviors)
–Environment
–Heredity/genetics
• Cancer develops over time. It is a result of a combination of:–Lifestyle (daily behaviors)
–Environment
–Heredity/genetics
Risk Factors Are Related to:Risk Factors Are Related to:
• Frequency– How often?
• Duration– How long?
• Intensity– How much?
• Frequency– How often?
• Duration– How long?
• Intensity– How much?
Common Risk Factors for CancerCommon Risk Factors for Cancer
• Growing older
• Tobacco abuse
• Sunlight
• Ionizing Radiation
• Growing older
• Tobacco abuse
• Sunlight
• Ionizing Radiation
Common Risk Factors for CancerCommon Risk Factors for Cancer
• Certain Chemicals and other substances
• Some viruses and bacteria
• Certain hormones
• Family history of cancer
• Alcohol
• Poor diet, lack of physical activity or being overweight
• Certain Chemicals and other substances
• Some viruses and bacteria
• Certain hormones
• Family history of cancer
• Alcohol
• Poor diet, lack of physical activity or being overweight
Possible Symptoms of CancerPossible Symptoms of Cancer
• There are many different symptoms known to be associated with certain types of cancers.
• A symptom is a sign that something is not right in the body.
• It does NOT always indicate cancer.
• There are many different symptoms known to be associated with certain types of cancers.
• A symptom is a sign that something is not right in the body.
• It does NOT always indicate cancer.
Possible Symptoms of Cancer,continued
Possible Symptoms of Cancer,continued
• A change in bowel or bladder habits
• A sore that does not heal
• Unusual bleeding or discharge
• Thickening, lump, or swelling in any part of the body
• Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• Recent change in wart or mole
• Nagging cough or hoarseness
• A change in bowel or bladder habits
• A sore that does not heal
• Unusual bleeding or discharge
• Thickening, lump, or swelling in any part of the body
• Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• Recent change in wart or mole
• Nagging cough or hoarseness
Possible Symptoms of Cancer, continued
Possible Symptoms of Cancer, continued
• Unexplained symptoms such as:
– Progressive, unexplained weight loss
– Fever
– Fatigue, feeling tired all the time
– Pain
• Unexplained symptoms such as:
– Progressive, unexplained weight loss
– Fever
– Fatigue, feeling tired all the time
– Pain
GUIDELINES FOR SCREENINGGUIDELINES FOR SCREENING
ACS Guidelines for cancer screening for breast, prostate, colorectal, and cervical cancer are provided in your packets.
ACS Guidelines for cancer screening for breast, prostate, colorectal, and cervical cancer are provided in your packets.
These slides were prepared with help from:
These slides were prepared with help from:
-Jessica Gilbertson- Spirit of EAGLES and NCI’s Cancer Information Service
-Native American Cancer Research
www.natamcancer.org
-Jessica Gilbertson- Spirit of EAGLES and NCI’s Cancer Information Service
-Native American Cancer Research
www.natamcancer.org
ObjectivesObjectives1. Anatomy
2. Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer
3. Protective Factors
4. Signs and Symptoms
5. Screening
1. Anatomy
2. Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer
3. Protective Factors
4. Signs and Symptoms
5. Screening
What is the intestinal tract?What is the intestinal tract?
• The intestinal tract is 26 feet long
• The intestinal tract helps move waste matter (from undigested foods) from the body
• The colon and rectum are two different sections of the intestinal tract
• The intestinal tract is 26 feet long
• The intestinal tract helps move waste matter (from undigested foods) from the body
• The colon and rectum are two different sections of the intestinal tract
What is the colon?What is the colon?
• The colon is the latter portion of the intestinal tract (5-7 feet)
• The left over food products that were not used by the body move from the small intestine to the colon
• Water is absorbed from the left-over foods while the waste is in the colon
• The colon is the latter portion of the intestinal tract (5-7 feet)
• The left over food products that were not used by the body move from the small intestine to the colon
• Water is absorbed from the left-over foods while the waste is in the colon
What is the colon?What is the colon?
• Bacteria in the colon break down the food left-overs to create “waste” material
• The colon then moves the left-over waste into the rectum
• Bacteria in the colon break down the food left-overs to create “waste” material
• The colon then moves the left-over waste into the rectum
What is the rectum?What is the rectum?
• The rectum is the last several inches of the large intestine
• The rectum is a storage holder for our body’s waste
• Muscles in the rectum move the stool out of the body through the anus (rectal opening)
• The rectum is the last several inches of the large intestine
• The rectum is a storage holder for our body’s waste
• Muscles in the rectum move the stool out of the body through the anus (rectal opening)
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Why are the colon and rectum important?
Why are the colon and rectum important?
• They provide a way to absorb needed vitamins and nutrients and water from the food we eat.
• A healthy colon and rectum get rid of waste matter (stool) that is not needed by the body.
• They provide a way to absorb needed vitamins and nutrients and water from the food we eat.
• A healthy colon and rectum get rid of waste matter (stool) that is not needed by the body.
What is a risk factor?What is a risk factor?
• Risk factors are conditions that
increase the chance that cancer might
occur.
• The conditions that influence the
development of cancer are related to
heredity, lifestyle, and the
environment.
• Risk factors are conditions that
increase the chance that cancer might
occur.
• The conditions that influence the
development of cancer are related to
heredity, lifestyle, and the
environment.
Colon Cancer Colon Cancer
Normal Colon Colon CancerAdenomatous Polyp
Slides Courtesy of Dr. David Perdue
Colon CancerColon Cancer
Normal Colon Colon CancerPolyp
Adenoma-carcinoma sequence responsibleAdenoma-carcinoma sequence responsible
for 95% of colorectal cancerfor 95% of colorectal cancer
Slides Courtesy of Dr. David Perdue
Colon CancerColon Cancer
Colon Cancer Incidence Rates1999-2004
Colon Cancer Incidence Rates1999-2004
U.S. Southern Plains
Northern Plains
AIAN AIAN AIAN
All Cancers 368.4 492.6 538.1
Colon Cancer
46.3 60.2 72.5
Source: Cancer registries in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) D. Espey, Monograph Group.
Common Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors
Common Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors
• Age over 50
• Colorectal Polyps
• Family History of Colorectal Cancer
• Personal History of Cancer
• Age over 50
• Colorectal Polyps
• Family History of Colorectal Cancer
• Personal History of Cancer
Common Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors
Common Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors
• Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn’s Disease
• Diet
• Cigarette Smoking
• Genetic Alterations
• Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn’s Disease
• Diet
• Cigarette Smoking
• Genetic Alterations
What is a risk factor?What is a risk factor?
• Heredity: This refers to genes that are
passed from parent to child.
• Lifestyle: Some types of cancer are related
to how we live.
• Environment: Some types of cancer are
related to where we work and live.
• Heredity: This refers to genes that are
passed from parent to child.
• Lifestyle: Some types of cancer are related
to how we live.
• Environment: Some types of cancer are
related to where we work and live.
What We Can ChangeWhat We Can Change
• Approximately one third of all cancers diagnosed in
2001 were related to nutrition, physical activity and
other lifestyle factors.
• Approximately 30% of all cancer deaths were related
to commercial tobacco use*
• Approximately one third of all cancers diagnosed in
2001 were related to nutrition, physical activity and
other lifestyle factors.
• Approximately 30% of all cancer deaths were related
to commercial tobacco use*
*Source: Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2001, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, 2004 Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2001, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, 2004
Learn about Colon Cancer Risk
Learn about Colon Cancer Risk
• Native American Cancer Research Online Tool: – www.natamcancer.org
– Bottom Right “Free Resources”• “Colon Cancer
Risk Factors”
• Native American Cancer Research Online Tool: – www.natamcancer.org
– Bottom Right “Free Resources”• “Colon Cancer
Risk Factors”
Healthy Lifestyles and Protective FactorsHealthy Lifestyles and Protective Factors
Ways an individual can lead healthy lifestyles:
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Physical activity every day
• Don’t smoke or use commercial tobacco
• Eat healthy foods
• Limit alcohol consumption
Ways an individual can lead healthy lifestyles:
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Physical activity every day
• Don’t smoke or use commercial tobacco
• Eat healthy foods
• Limit alcohol consumption
64
90
67
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
64
90
67
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
Five-Year Survival Rates for CRC by Stage at Diagnosis (1995-2000)Five-Year Survival Rates for CRC by Stage at Diagnosis (1995-2000)
Adapted from American Cancer Society. Colorectal Cancer Facts & Figures Special Edition 2005. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2005.
Adapted from American Cancer Society. Colorectal Cancer Facts & Figures Special Edition 2005. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2005.
Local spreading
Local spreading
Su
rviv
al r
ate
(%)
Su
rviv
al r
ate
(%)
All stagesAll stages
Stage at diagnosisStage at diagnosis
RegionalRegional Distant spreading
Distant spreading
StageI and II
StageIII
Stage IVStage IV
Cancer Screening and PreventionCancer Screening and Prevention
• Screening is checking for cancer in a person who does not have any symptoms of the disease.
• The goal of early detection is to discover and stop a cancerous tumor before it grows and spreads (metastasizes).
• Screening is checking for cancer in a person who does not have any symptoms of the disease.
• The goal of early detection is to discover and stop a cancerous tumor before it grows and spreads (metastasizes).
Colon Cancer ScreeningRecommendations
Colon Cancer ScreeningRecommendations
• All men and women 50 and over should be getting one or a combination of the following Colon/Rectum (Colorectal) cancer screening tests– FOBT yearly– Flexible Sigmoidoscopy every 5 years– Colonoscopy every 10 years– FOBT yearly plus Flexible Sigmoidoscopy every
5 years
• All men and women 50 and over should be getting one or a combination of the following Colon/Rectum (Colorectal) cancer screening tests– FOBT yearly– Flexible Sigmoidoscopy every 5 years– Colonoscopy every 10 years– FOBT yearly plus Flexible Sigmoidoscopy every
5 years
Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)
• What is FOBT?
• Who should do FOBT screening?
• How often should you have the FOBT?
• What is FOBT?
• Who should do FOBT screening?
• How often should you have the FOBT?
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
• What is Flexible Sigmoidoscopy?
• Who should have this done?
• How often should you get a Flexible Sigmoidoscopy?
• What is Flexible Sigmoidoscopy?
• Who should have this done?
• How often should you get a Flexible Sigmoidoscopy?
ColonoscopyColonoscopy
• What is a Colonoscopy?
• Who should have a colonoscopy?
• How often should you have a colonoscopy?
• What is a Colonoscopy?
• Who should have a colonoscopy?
• How often should you have a colonoscopy?
Removal of PolypsRemoval of Polyps• Can be done during
colonoscopy
• Doctor removes polyps that may be found
• Finding and removing polyps may prevent colorectal cancer!
• Can be done during colonoscopy
• Doctor removes polyps that may be found
• Finding and removing polyps may prevent colorectal cancer!
MYTH:MYTH:
Because colon cancer is a common disease, most people are
already screened for it by their physicians
Because colon cancer is a common disease, most people are
already screened for it by their physicians
FACT:FACT:Despite colon cancer screening
recommendations, most Americans
are currently not having it done. It's
estimated that less than 40% of the
population is screened regularly for
colon cancer.
Despite colon cancer screening
recommendations, most Americans
are currently not having it done. It's
estimated that less than 40% of the
population is screened regularly for
colon cancer.
MYTH:MYTH:
Colon cancer occurs mostly in people with a family history of
cancer
Colon cancer occurs mostly in people with a family history of
cancer
FACT:FACT:
• About 75% of all new cases of colon cancer occur in people with no known risk factors.
• About 75% of all new cases of colon cancer occur in people with no known risk factors.
MYTH:MYTH:
Colon cancer always causes symptoms that are
easily recognized.
Colon cancer always causes symptoms that are
easily recognized.
FACT:FACT:
• Colon cancer may initially have no symptoms at all, or only vague symptoms that are often ignored.
• A delayed diagnosis can affect chances for successful treatment and healthy survival
• Colon cancer may initially have no symptoms at all, or only vague symptoms that are often ignored.
• A delayed diagnosis can affect chances for successful treatment and healthy survival
Colon Cancer FactsColon Cancer Facts
• Colon screening tests may actually find a growth before it becomes cancer (the test may be preventive!).
• Early detection is the most important way to control or prevent colon cancer.
• Both males and females can get colon cancer.
• Colon screening tests may actually find a growth before it becomes cancer (the test may be preventive!).
• Early detection is the most important way to control or prevent colon cancer.
• Both males and females can get colon cancer.
Community Screening NavigatorsWalking Forward
1-800-232-0115, ext. 2305
Community Screening NavigatorsWalking Forward
1-800-232-0115, ext. 2305
• Eagle Butte, Raylene Miner (605) 391-6256 or (605) 964-8854
• Pine Ridge– Dave Lone Elk, (605) 391-6587
• Rosebud– Caroline Spotted Tail, (605) 391-6257
• Rapid City– Mary Reiner, (605) 719-2317
• Eagle Butte, Raylene Miner (605) 391-6256 or (605) 964-8854
• Pine Ridge– Dave Lone Elk, (605) 391-6587
• Rosebud– Caroline Spotted Tail, (605) 391-6257
• Rapid City– Mary Reiner, (605) 719-2317
Basics of Cancer TreatmentBasics of Cancer Treatment
Cancer Treatment Cancer Treatment
• Treatment for cancer depends on several factors:
– Type of cancer
– The size, location, and stage of the disease
– General health of the individual
• Treatment for cancer depends on several factors:
– Type of cancer
– The size, location, and stage of the disease
– General health of the individual
Cancer TreatmentCancer Treatment
• Treatment for cancer can be either local or systemic.
– Local treatment affects cancer cells in the tumor and the area near it
• Example: radiation therapy
– Systemic treatment travels through the bloodstream reaching cancer cells all over the body
• Example: chemotherapy
• Treatment for cancer can be either local or systemic.
– Local treatment affects cancer cells in the tumor and the area near it
• Example: radiation therapy
– Systemic treatment travels through the bloodstream reaching cancer cells all over the body
• Example: chemotherapy
Cancer TreatmentCancer Treatment
• Treatment methods may include:
– Surgery: Removal of the cancerous tumor and possibly the surrounding tissue and lymph nodes near the tumor
– Chemotherapy: the use of drugs to kill cancer cells
• Treatment methods may include:
– Surgery: Removal of the cancerous tumor and possibly the surrounding tissue and lymph nodes near the tumor
– Chemotherapy: the use of drugs to kill cancer cells
Cancer TreatmentCancer Treatment
• Radiation Therapy: The use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing and dividing
• Hormone Therapy: Used against certain cancers that depend on hormones for their growth
• Biological Therapy (Immunotherapy): helps the body’s natural ability to fight disease (immune system), or protects the body from some of the side effects of cancer treatment
• Radiation Therapy: The use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing and dividing
• Hormone Therapy: Used against certain cancers that depend on hormones for their growth
• Biological Therapy (Immunotherapy): helps the body’s natural ability to fight disease (immune system), or protects the body from some of the side effects of cancer treatment
Cancer TreatmentCancer Treatment
• The treatment plan may also include the use of clinical trials.
• Clinical trials are research studies that evaluate new treatments and answer scientific questions about them.
• The treatment plan may also include the use of clinical trials.
• Clinical trials are research studies that evaluate new treatments and answer scientific questions about them.
Give Yourself a Hand!Thank YOU!!!!
Give Yourself a Hand!Thank YOU!!!!