Canada's Role in the late Twentieth Century

Chapter 6

GLOBALIZATION 6Canada's role in the late 20th century

1. Analyse the evolution of Canada's roles in the late twentieth century.

2. Analyse Canada's evolving relationship with the US in global issues.

3. Explore and analyse Canada's role in peacekeeping and peace making efforts around the globe.

4. Investigate and assess Canada's humanitarian roles since 1945( e.g. CID, NGO's UN organizations, refugees).

5. Compare the evolution of Canada's emerging relationships (e.g., the Commonwealth, La Francophonie, The OAS, Pacrim).

Framing the Question How did Canada balance its commitment to

peace with its close alliance to the USA and its foreign policy during the Cold War?

How has Canada’s international identity been shaped by its role as peacemaker and peacekeeper?

How does Canada’s membership in international organizations help to foster an identity that is similar to, yet distinct from, its neighbour, the United States?

THE COLD WAR BEGINS Between USA and USSR, over control of

Eastern Europe Competing over power, political allies and

economic superiority USA is democratic and Capitalist USSR is totalitarian and Communist

USSR occupies eastern Germany and other eastern European countries longer than the USA would like

The USA promises economic aid to countries who make the Soviet Russian leave

THE COLD WAR BEGINS One by one the countries that the Red

Army (Soviet) occupy elect Communist governments… and ask the Soviet Army to stay for “security reasons”

American economic aid considered to be economic imperialism by the Soviet government of Josef Stalin

Countries that fall under Soviet influence after 1945 Bulgaria, Albania, East Germany, Yugoslavia,

Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, Poland. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are absorbed by the Soviet Union

CANADA AND THE COLD WAR During WW2, Canada and US establish the

Permanent Joint Board on Defence (PJBD) to coordinate the military defence of North America against Japanese and Nazi German invasion

Many reasons for close relationship after WW2 Ideological (democracy, capitalism, anti-

communist) Military (defending N. America against Soviets) Economic (US has world’s most powerful

economy and Canada is the 2nd largest land mass)

Defence Strategies Canada joins North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO) with USA, Britain, France, West Germany in 1949

Formed in response to Soviet take-over of most of eastern Europe

Canada wanted NATO to be military and economic alliance

Instead, the USA used its influence (world superpower) to control the defence policies of its friends and allies

Nuclear Deterrence During 1950’s the USA and the USSR

created more powerful nuclear weapons US government adopts policy of “nuclear

deterrence” to deal with international Communism

The US government states it will use tactical nuclear weapons against any Communist country that interferes in the affairs of other nations

This policy adopted by NATO in 1954

Nuclear Deterrence Canada agrees to help US with anti-

Communist monitoring around world Canada buys sophisticated missiles and

aircraft from the US Canada accepts US bases and nuclear

weapons at Goose Bay NL and Comox BC In return, US agrees to “Defence Production

Sharing Agreement” to allow US military to buy from select Canadian companies

Continental Defence Canada and US are obsessed with

defending North America from Soviet nuclear attack, especially over North Pole

1957: three radar defence networks established in the Canadian arctic

DEW Line: Distant Early Warning was placed under control of new organization called NORAD

1958, North American Air Defence Treaty

Continental Defence The US military took control of “joint”

projects, for example, Canadians had to ask permission to enter DEW sites

Some say OK because Canada under protection of the American “nuclear umbrella”

Others complain that Canada has sold its sovereignty and independence to the US

THE KOREAN WAR (1950-1953) After WW2, the USSR occupies northern

Korea, the USA occupies southern Korea Over 5 years, Korea starts acting like two

separate countries, the north is Communist and the south is capitalist

In 1950 northern Korea invades southern Korea

The United Nations approves and “American-led police action” to push the Communists back into northern Korea

See-saw battles for three years, Canada sends 25,000 soldiers; 300 KIA

THE KOREAN WAR (1950-1953) Canada’s foreign policy changes during the

Korean War For first time, Canadian soldiers fought

under US command (instead of British) Canada becoming more “American” than

British Canada begins purchasing American

equipment and weapons (not British) Canada’s international interests are more

closely tied to the US instead of Britain

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS Fidel Castro leads a socialist revolution on

the island of Cuba US vehemently opposed to the new

Communist government in Cuba US wants to impose a trade embargo on

Cuba, but Canada refuses to take part Canada maintains diplomatic relations,

although US severs all official ties with the government of Cuba (closes embassy)

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS In 1961 the US tries to overthrow the Cuban

Communist government The “Bay of Pigs Invasion” is a disaster for

the Americans President Fidel Castro asks the USSR for

military assistance – the Soviet Union installs nuclear missile bases

US aerial surveillance (spy planes) finds the launchers, US President John F. Kennedy demands the missiles be removed ***IMMEDIATELY***

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS JFK asks Canadian PM John Diefenbaker to

put its NORAD forces on high alert in case USSR did not remove the missiles from Cuba

At first, Canada calls for United Nations mission to see if missiles are really nuclear

Canada waits three days before going to high alert

Diefenbaker’s responses angers the US gov’t

The US gov’t publicly calls into question the Canadian PM’s actions/lack of action

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS In response to US criticism,

Diefenbaker backs out of commitment made to NORAD and NATO for Canada to acquire nuclear warheads

Canadian public opinion divided Some think that Diefenbaker is asserting

Canadian independence in foreign policy Other Canadians angry the PM

Diefenbaker did not show enough support for US – Canada’s primary ally

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1963: Federal election in Canada,

Diefenbaker’s Conservatives lose in favour of Lester B. Pearson’s Liberal Party

PM Pearson initially opposed to acquiring nuclear weapons in Canada

PM Pearson changes policy and allows Canada to accept them when – Pearson is told that future of NORAD and NATO at stake because Canada reneged on the original agreement

THE VIETNAM WAR Vietnam, a former French colony in

southeast Asia Like Korea, split in two after WW2 –

Communists control the north, capitalists control the south

Plans to reunite country after general elections in 1956, but it appears the Communists will win

The US tries to have the election postponed hoping that pro-American interests have more time to garner support/popularity

US sends in 800 military “advisors”

THE VIETNAM WAR Hostilities between North and South Vietnamese

escalate, and the US launches a full-scale military invasion

By 1965, there are 500,000+ US soldiers in Vietnam Canada officially neutral, but supplied weapons to US

and aid to the gov’t of South Vietnam 10,000+ Canadians volunteered to serve in US

military during Vietnam 32,000+ Americans fled to Canada to escape being

conscripted (draft dodgers) By 1975, between 3 million and 4 million Vietnamese

men, women and children were killed 58,000+ American service personnel killed or missing

NUCLEAR ARMS REDUCTION In 1968, Pierre Trudeau become PM Wants Canada’s defence policy to be

defined by its foreign policy Trudeau wants to greatly reduce east-west

tensions in Europe Trudeau’s govt’ drastically cuts Canada’s

NATO contribution and begins phasing out nuclear arsenal

Between 1970 and 1984 conventional weapons replace all nuclear weapons in Canada and on Canadian bases in Europe

NUCLEAR ARMS REDUCTION

Although Canada’s gov’t committed to nuclear arms control, it was difficult for economic and alliance reasons: Partnership with US in radar defence Membership in NATO Membership in NORAD Canada is a major uranium producer Canada exports nuclear equipment, such

as the CANDU Nuclear Reactor

THE END OF THE COLD WAR The USSR goes through period of

perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) in mid-1980s

USSR loses control of countries in the Warsaw Pact (Poland, Hungary, East Germany, etc…)

Communism collapses, the USSR ceases to exist, new democracies emerge all over the old Warsaw Pact

The military focus in Canada’s foreign policy during the Cold War is replaced by renewed emphasis on trade and commerce

TERRORISM AND THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN 9-11 draws Canada even closer into the

American sphere of influence NATO declares solidarity with US US President George W. Bush declares a

new war on terrorism, especially on terrorists hiding in totalitarian Iraq and Afghanistan

Canada deploys troops to Afghanistan Most anticipate a support role only Canadian troops, for first time since Korea,

are in combat under American command

TERRORISM AND THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN

Terrorist attacks have significant impact on Can-Am relations, especially re: continental defence

Ottawa establishes “Committee on Public Security and Counter-Terrorism” to act like US’s “Office of Homeland Security”

A new era of Can-Am defence cooperation Increased border surveillance Tougher immigration policies Tougher refugee policies

TERRORISM AND THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN

By 2002, closer cooperation between Canada and US a given, but no firm strategy or plan adopted

Some Canadians advocated a continental security perimeter creating effectively “Fortress North America”

Others feared that harmonizing security policies would sacrifice Canadian sovereignty

CANADA’S HUMANITARIAN ROLESThe United Nations

Through the United Nations, Canada plays a significant humanitarian role World Health Organization (WHO) UN Int’l Children’s Emerg. Fund (UNICEF) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Canada demonstrates that world peace is achieved by eliminating social and economic problems

Canada has contributed to social and economic development of 60+ countries

The CIDA – Canadian Int’l Development Agency Created by Federal Gov’t in 1968 to facilitate

Canada’s foreign aid programs CIDA’s primary purpose to coordinate governmental

and non-governmental assistance through aid though: Bilateral (direct gov’t to gov’t aid) Multilateral (aid provided by non-governmental

organizations, or NGO’s) Humanitarian aid (emergency disaster relief)

Canada commits to spend 0.7% of Gross National Product (GNP) on foreign aid

Like most, Canada offers “tied aid” meaning that assistance is conditional upon purchase of Canadian products and services, such as wheat or energy

CANADA’S ROLE AS PEACEKEEPER

Canada’s most important role in the post-WW2 era

Since 1947, over 100,000 military personnel have served in 45 UN peacekeeping missions

Many Canadians view peacekeeping as an important way to contribute to international stability Canadian independence on world stage

The Suez Crisis (1956)

Perceived as Canada’s greatest role as international peacekeeper

TRADITIONAL AND EMERGING GLOBAL RELATIONSHIPS

The Commonwealth

La Francophonie

Multicultural Ties

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

Organization of American States

North-South Relations

Post WW2 Graphic Organizer

THE YALTA CONFERENCEDate: 4-11 February 1945Who? Winston Churchill (GB), Josef Stalin (USSR), Franklin Roosevelt (USA)Why? What will Europe look like after the Nazis are defeatedSo what? USSR allowed to have influence in eastern Europe

POTSDAM CONFERENCEDate? 17 July – 2 August 1945Who? GB, USSR, USAWhy? How to punish Nazis and deal with rebuilding all of Europe, especially GermanySo what? Germany remains divided, no clear guide for Europe

THE COLD WARDate? 1946 until 1991Who? USA (leader of the democratic world) and USSR (leader of the Communist world)Why? Democracy vs. CommunismSo what? MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction by nuclear war

GOUZENKO AFFAIRDate? September 1945Who? RCMP and Igor GouzenkoWhy? Soviet embassy worker defects to Canada, exposes spy ring in the WestSo what? USSR accused of trying to steal nuclear technology and secrets

USSR DETONATES A-BOMBDate? 29 August 1949Who? USSR (Project RDS-1)Why? Balance of power with USASo what? Nuclear arms race between USA and USSR, eventually Communist China

CHINESE REVOLUTIONDate? 1 October 1949 Who? Mao Zedong and the People’s Liberation ArmyWhy? Chinese civil war (1946-52)So what? US supported Nationalists, “Red China” now hostile to American interests; a powerful potential Soviet ally

KOREAN WARDate? June 1950 – July 1953Who? North Korean and Chinese Communists and the United Nations, led by the USAWhy? Korean civil war, USA wants to stop spread of Communism in Asia, protect JapanSo what? A cold war begins b/n USA and Communist China and North Korea

CUBAN REVOLUTION & MISSILE CRISISDate? Late October 1962 (2 wks)Who? USSR and Cuba vs. USAWhy? Cuba felt threatened by USA, USA outraged by nukes in CubaSo what? USA and USSR begin talking, nukes out of Italy, Cuba and Turkey

VIETNAM WARDate? Nov. 1955 to April 1975Who? USA vs. communist insurgentsWhy? Vietnamese civil war, anticolonialism So what? USA does not prevail in ‘Nam

DÉTENTE (USA & USSR)Date? 1971 – 1980 Who? USA (Nixon) and USSR (Brezhnev)Why? Hot war is a real possibilitySo what? Ends with 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Reagan calls USSR an “evil empire”

COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISMDate? 1989, 1990, 1991Who? Average person in communist state protested communist system and totalitarianism, demand freedomWhy? Lack of liberty, widespread poverty, time for change So what? After USSR collapses, US and China are the only superpowers

Post WW2 Graphic Organizer

POTSDAM CONFERENCEDate? _____________________Who? _____________________Why? _____________________So what? __________________0

THE COLD WARDate? _____________________Who? _____________________Why? _____________________So what? __________________

GOUZENKO AFFAIRDate? _____________________Who? _____________________Why? _____________________So what? __________________USSR DETONATES A-BOMB

Date? _____________________Who? _____________________Why? _____________________So what? __________________

CHINESE REVOLUTIONDate? _____________________Who? _____________________Why? _____________________So what? __________________

KOREAN WARDate? _____________________Who? _____________________Why? _____________________So what? __________________

CUBAN MISSILE CRISISDate? _____________________Who? _____________________Why? _____________________So what? __________________

VIETNAM WARDate? _____________________Who? _____________________Why? _____________________So what? __________________

DÉTENTE / S.A.L.T.Date? _____________________Who? _____________________Why? _____________________So what? __________________ COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM

Date? _____________________Who? _____________________Why? _____________________So what? __________________

THE YALTA CONFERENCEDate: 4-11 February 1945Who? Winston Churchill (GB), Josef Stalin (USSR), Franklin Roosevelt (USA)Why? What will Europe look like after the Nazis are defeatedSo what? USSR allowed to have influence in eastern Europe

http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=LLCF7vPanrY&feature=endscreen