canada and the cold war 1945-1968. ussr in 1945 6,000,000 soldiers 50,000 tanks 20,000 air craft ...
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Canada and The Cold WarCanada and The Cold War
1945-19681945-1968
USSR in 1945USSR in 1945
6,000,000 Soldiers6,000,000 Soldiers 50,000 Tanks50,000 Tanks 20,000 Air Craft20,000 Air Craft Occupied Central and Occupied Central and
Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Occupied Manchuria Occupied Manchuria
and North Korea in Asiaand North Korea in Asia Established communist Established communist
governments in governments in occupied countriesoccupied countries
Canada and the Marshall PlanCanada and the Marshall Plan UK and USA wanted Europe to recover after WWIIUK and USA wanted Europe to recover after WWII USSR wanted Europe to remain in despair to make USSR wanted Europe to remain in despair to make
communism appealingcommunism appealing Canada loaned the UK large sums of money from Canada loaned the UK large sums of money from
1945 -1948 to help in their recovery1945 -1948 to help in their recovery 1948, Secretary of State George Marshall came up 1948, Secretary of State George Marshall came up
with a plan to help Europe recover with a plan to help Europe recover Canada and the US jointly contributed 13.5 billion Canada and the US jointly contributed 13.5 billion
dollars (mostly from the US) in supplies and loans dollars (mostly from the US) in supplies and loans from 1948 -1953from 1948 -1953
The recovery in Europe was beyond the expectations The recovery in Europe was beyond the expectations of those who created the planof those who created the plan
Stability and prosperity returned to Western Europe Stability and prosperity returned to Western Europe within a decade within a decade
United NationsUnited Nations
Formed in San Formed in San Francisco in April 1945Francisco in April 1945
Aimed at preventing Aimed at preventing new wars and new wars and establishing good establishing good relations amongst relations amongst nationsnations
Headquartered in NYCHeadquartered in NYC Members with security Members with security
council veto were USA, council veto were USA, UK, France, USSR and UK, France, USSR and ChinaChina
Igor GouzenkoIgor Gouzenko
Russian diplomat Russian diplomat working in Ottawaworking in Ottawa
Decided to defect to Decided to defect to Canada in 1945Canada in 1945
Warned the RCMP of Warned the RCMP of Soviet spy activity in Soviet spy activity in CanadaCanada
Canada gave him a Canada gave him a new identity and police new identity and police protection for the rest protection for the rest of his lifeof his life
King and the Gouzenko AffairKing and the Gouzenko Affair PM Mackenzie King was PM Mackenzie King was
shocked by Gouzenko’s shocked by Gouzenko’s claims about the USSR’s claims about the USSR’s international spy ringsinternational spy rings
Immediately warned Immediately warned President Truman and President Truman and UK PM AttleeUK PM Attlee
Canadian Government Canadian Government arrested suspected arrested suspected spies and King ordered a spies and King ordered a royal commissionroyal commission
World’s first Cold War World’s first Cold War Scandal happens in Scandal happens in Canada Canada
Louis St. LaurentLouis St. Laurent As Canada’s Minister of As Canada’s Minister of
External Affairs, he was External Affairs, he was instrumental in Canada’s initial instrumental in Canada’s initial involvement in NATOinvolvement in NATO
Replaced King as PM in 1948Replaced King as PM in 1948 Believed in stopping the Believed in stopping the
spread of communism world spread of communism world wide and was supportive of US wide and was supportive of US Foreign Policy of containmentForeign Policy of containment
Ordered Canada’s military Ordered Canada’s military involvement in Korea as part involvement in Korea as part of the UN Forceof the UN Force
Canada in KoreaCanada in Korea Canadian Government Canadian Government
sent troops, three navy sent troops, three navy destroyers and air craftdestroyers and air craft
Over 22,000 Canadian Over 22,000 Canadian fought in Korea between fought in Korea between June 1950 and July 1953June 1950 and July 1953
309 were killed, 1,203 309 were killed, 1,203 were wounded and 32 were wounded and 32 became POWsbecame POWs
Canadians took on a Canadians took on a peacekeeping role after peacekeeping role after the armistice was signedthe armistice was signed
Battle of KapyongBattle of Kapyong American and Australian troops American and Australian troops
retreated from the front line after a retreated from the front line after a Chinese attack in late April, 1951 Chinese attack in late April, 1951
This left the Canadians on Hill 677 This left the Canadians on Hill 677 outnumbered, surrounded and without outnumbered, surrounded and without their supply routetheir supply route
From April 24 – 25, 1951, Canadian From April 24 – 25, 1951, Canadian soldiers of the Princess Patricias dug soldiers of the Princess Patricias dug trenches and held off 7,000 advancing trenches and held off 7,000 advancing Chinese soldiers and held the front lineChinese soldiers and held the front line
Supplies, medicine, and ammunition Supplies, medicine, and ammunition had to be air dropped to the Canadians had to be air dropped to the Canadians until the Chinese retreateduntil the Chinese retreated
10 Canadians were killed and 23 were 10 Canadians were killed and 23 were woundedwounded
Only Canadian soldiers in history to be Only Canadian soldiers in history to be awarded a US Presidential Unit Citation awarded a US Presidential Unit Citation for valour for valour
Anti-Communism in CanadaAnti-Communism in Canada US Senator Joseph McCarthy US Senator Joseph McCarthy
started anti-communist started anti-communist investigationsinvestigations
led to a “Red Scare” led to a “Red Scare” hysteria in the United Stateshysteria in the United States
Canada responded by Canada responded by having the RCMP carry out having the RCMP carry out illegal and secret inquiriesillegal and secret inquiries
known communists were known communists were deported or not allowed deported or not allowed entry into Canadaentry into Canada
the US Government shut the US Government shut down McCarthydown McCarthy
the McCarthy Hearings the McCarthy Hearings destroyed thousands of destroyed thousands of people livespeople lives
Suez CrisisSuez Crisis In 1956, Egypt seized the In 1956, Egypt seized the
Suez Canal from France Suez Canal from France and Britainand Britain
France, Britain and Israel France, Britain and Israel joined forces and joined forces and attacked Egypt to take attacked Egypt to take back control of the Canalback control of the Canal
The Soviet Union sided The Soviet Union sided with Egypt and demaded with Egypt and demaded an withdrawl of the an withdrawl of the invading armiesinvading armies
The fighting increasedThe fighting increased Looked as if this crisis Looked as if this crisis
would ignite a Third World would ignite a Third World WarWar
The Start of UN PeacekeepingThe Start of UN Peacekeeping Canada’s Acting Minister of Canada’s Acting Minister of
External Affairs, Lester Pearson, External Affairs, Lester Pearson, came up with a plan to end the came up with a plan to end the conflictconflict
He went to the UN and He went to the UN and suggested creating a suggested creating a peacekeeping force to run the peacekeeping force to run the Suez Canal until a settlement Suez Canal until a settlement could be reachedcould be reached
The UN agreed and the battle The UN agreed and the battle forces withdrew from the canalforces withdrew from the canal
Lester Pearson was awarded the Lester Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in ending the Suez Crisisin ending the Suez Crisis
NATONATO North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty
OrganizationOrganization Formed in 1949 by Canada, Formed in 1949 by Canada,
USA and 10 European nationsUSA and 10 European nations Purpose was to defend Purpose was to defend
Europe and the North Atlantic Europe and the North Atlantic from Soviet aggressionfrom Soviet aggression
In response, USSR formed the In response, USSR formed the Warsaw Pact with Soviet Warsaw Pact with Soviet satellite countries of Eastern satellite countries of Eastern Europe in 1955Europe in 1955
NORADNORAD North American Aerospace North American Aerospace
Defence CommandDefence Command 1957 treaty between Canada and 1957 treaty between Canada and
USAUSA Aim is to protect North America Aim is to protect North America
from a Soviet air or nuclear attackfrom a Soviet air or nuclear attack Links Canadian and US fighters, Links Canadian and US fighters,
missiles and radar units under a missiles and radar units under a single command centre located single command centre located deep inside a mountain in deep inside a mountain in ColoradoColorado
In direct contact with American In direct contact with American President and Canadian Prime President and Canadian Prime MinisterMinister
Battle over Bomarc MissilesBattle over Bomarc Missiles PM Diefenbaker backed away PM Diefenbaker backed away
from an agreement to place from an agreement to place the US made Bomarc Nuclear the US made Bomarc Nuclear Missiles in CanadaMissiles in Canada
This enraged President John This enraged President John KennedyKennedy
Diefenbaker and Kennedy did Diefenbaker and Kennedy did not like each othernot like each other
The Conservatives were The Conservatives were defeated in February 1963 by defeated in February 1963 by Lester Pearson’s LiberalsLester Pearson’s Liberals
PM Pearson quietly placed the PM Pearson quietly placed the missiles in Canada and missiles in Canada and improved relations with improved relations with President KennedyPresident Kennedy
DEW: Distant Early WarningDEW: Distant Early Warning Canada is geographically Canada is geographically
between the USSR and the USAbetween the USSR and the USA 1957: Canada and the US build a 1957: Canada and the US build a
line of long range warning line of long range warning stationsstations
Stations monitor northern Stations monitor northern airspace for potential attacksairspace for potential attacks
If there was a threat, NORAD If there was a threat, NORAD would be warned immediatelywould be warned immediately
The cost was$250,000,000 and The cost was$250,000,000 and was paid for by the US was paid for by the US
Avro ArrowAvro Arrow This was a Canadian made jet This was a Canadian made jet
built by the A.V. Roe Companybuilt by the A.V. Roe Company Fasted and most innovative jet of Fasted and most innovative jet of
it’s timeit’s time A.V Roe expected international A.V Roe expected international
sales would be around 600 jetssales would be around 600 jets Price went from 2 million to 12.5 Price went from 2 million to 12.5
millionmillion Canada felt the cost to build was Canada felt the cost to build was
too high too high PM Diefenbaker said Canada PM Diefenbaker said Canada
would buy US made jets instead would buy US made jets instead and cancelled the project in and cancelled the project in February 1959February 1959
Led to the loss of 14,000 jobsLed to the loss of 14,000 jobs Canadians were upset at Canadians were upset at
Diefenbaker’s decisionDiefenbaker’s decision
Vietnam WarVietnam War Communist North Vietnam Communist North Vietnam
invaded capitalist South Vietnaminvaded capitalist South Vietnam The United States entered the The United States entered the
war to stop Vietnam from war to stop Vietnam from becoming a united communist becoming a united communist nationnation
The US were involved militarily in The US were involved militarily in Vietnam from the early 1960s Vietnam from the early 1960s until they withdrew in 1975until they withdrew in 1975
The comminists took control of The comminists took control of VietnamVietnam
The war divided the people of the The war divided the people of the United StatesUnited States
1.3 million Vietnamese and 1.3 million Vietnamese and 58,000 Americans were killed as 58,000 Americans were killed as a result of the conflicta result of the conflict
Canada and VietnamCanada and Vietnam In 1965, PM Lester Pearson In 1965, PM Lester Pearson
criticized US involvement in criticized US involvement in Vietnam in a speech he gave at an Vietnam in a speech he gave at an American universityAmerican university
US President Lyndon Johnson met US President Lyndon Johnson met Pearson the next day at the White Pearson the next day at the White HouseHouse
In the Oval Office, Johnson lifted In the Oval Office, Johnson lifted Pearson off the floor by his coat Pearson off the floor by his coat collar and told him, “You came into collar and told him, “You came into my house and pissed on my rug!”.my house and pissed on my rug!”.
The Canadian Government also let The Canadian Government also let US Draft Dodgers and US Draft Dodgers and conscientious objectors into conscientious objectors into Canada during the Vietnam WarCanada during the Vietnam War
This also angered the US This also angered the US Government who felt that these Government who felt that these people should be tried as criminals people should be tried as criminals in the United Statesin the United States
1968 - 1991: The Cold War Thaws1968 - 1991: The Cold War Thaws