can genes help explain our evolution? - what type of changes (regulatory or structural mutations?) -...

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Can genes help explain our evolution? - What type of changes (regulatory or structural mutations?) - How many genes are involved?

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Enard, W. et al Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language. Nature 418, Candidate gene approach: FOXP2 - 2 non-conservative amino acid substitutions in humans -- flanking genomic DNA showed signs of a selective sweep

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Page 1: Can genes help explain our evolution? - What type of changes (regulatory or structural mutations?) - How many genes are involved?

Can genes help explain our evolution?- What type of changes (regulatory

or structural mutations?)

- How many genes are involved?

Page 2: Can genes help explain our evolution? - What type of changes (regulatory or structural mutations?) - How many genes are involved?

Approaches to Identify Genetic/Genomic Differences Between Chimps and Humans

1. Candidate gene approach

2. Microarray approach

3. Nucleotide substitution approach

4. Bioinformatic approach

Page 3: Can genes help explain our evolution? - What type of changes (regulatory or structural mutations?) - How many genes are involved?

Enard, W. et al. 2002. Molecular evolution of FOXP2, agene involved in speech and language. Nature 418, 869-872.

Candidate gene approach: FOXP2

- 2 non-conservative amino acid substitutions in humans-- flanking genomic DNA showed signs of a selective sweep

Page 4: Can genes help explain our evolution? - What type of changes (regulatory or structural mutations?) - How many genes are involved?

Signature of a Selective Sweep

Reduced polymorphismMore rare alleles

FavoredAllele

SelectionFixation

RecombinationMutation

Page 5: Can genes help explain our evolution? - What type of changes (regulatory or structural mutations?) - How many genes are involved?

• FOXP2 is expressed highly in zebra finches during the vocal learning period of development.Haesler et al. 2004. J. Neurosci 24:3164.

• FOXP2 knock-out mice have altered motorsensoryfunctions and ultrasonic vocalizations.Shu et al. 2005. PNAS 102:9643.

FOXP2 plays a role in the development of brain regions that are important for communication

Page 6: Can genes help explain our evolution? - What type of changes (regulatory or structural mutations?) - How many genes are involved?

Pollard, KS et al. An RNA gene expressed during corticaldevelopment evolved rapidly in humans. Nature Aug. 2006

• Scanned the 2/3 portion of the genome that is non-coding

• Many of the identified regions are associated with transcription factors and neurodevelopment genes.

• The most dramatically changed element (HAR1) is a novel RNA gene expressed during human cortical development.

Identified Human Accelerated Regions (HARs)

Page 7: Can genes help explain our evolution? - What type of changes (regulatory or structural mutations?) - How many genes are involved?

- Search chimpanzee genome sequence against rat and mouse genome sequences. (96% identity > 100 bp)

- 35,000 regions identified

- Searched these regions in all other available amniote genomes searching for regions with significant changes in human.

- 49 regions identified with a statistically significant rate increase in humans (96% in non-coding regions, 24% next to a neurodevelopmental gene)

Details of the Screening Process