genetics & mutations (every thing about dna & genes &mutations )
DESCRIPTION
genes & mutations every thing you should know about them Its prepered & publised in EGYPTTRANSCRIPT
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الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم
ض� (• ر�و�ات� و�األ� م� ل�ق� الس� إ�ن� ف�ي خ�
ل�ك� ال�ت�ي ال�ف! ار� و� الن�ه� ت�الف� ال�لي�ل� و� و�اخ�ا ع! الن�اس� و�م� ا ي�نف� ر� ب�م� ر�ي ف�ي الب�ح� ت�ج�
ي�ا ب�ه� ح�أ� اء3 ف� اء� م�ن م� م� ل� الل�ه! م�ن� الس� أ�نز�
ا م�ن ك!ل; د�اب�ة3 يه� ب�ث� ف� ا و� ت�ه� و� ض� ب�ع�د� م� ر�األ�
ر� ب�ي�ن� خ� اب� الم!س� ح� ي�اح� و�الس� ر�يف� الر; ت�ص� و�ل!ون� ) و�م3 ي�ع�ق� ض� آلي�ات3 ل;ق� ر�
اء� و�األ� م� الس�([164]البقرة آية: )
ل�ق� • ب�د�أ� خ� ه! و� ل�ق� ء3 خ� ي� ن� ك!ل� ش� ال�ذ�ي أ�ح�س�ان� م�ن ط�ين3 ) (7اإل�نس�
([7]السجدة آية: )
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Cellular composition
DNA is contained in nucleus of cell
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Where is DNA located in the Cell?
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GenesWhat are the genes?They are parts of DNA present on the chromosomes and control the individual hereditary traits
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•Every living thing has DNA. That means that you have something in common with a zebra, a tree, a mushroom and a beetle!!!!.•Dna is like a fingerprint because everyone’s is a little different!•It contains information equal to some 600,000 printed pages of 500 words each!!!
(a library of about 1,000 books)
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A HISTORY OF DNA• Discovery of the DNA double helix
A. Frederick Griffith – Discovers that a factor in diseased bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria (1928)
B. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA.(1952)
C. Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklin’s X-ray.(1953)
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composition of DNA
• DNA molecule is composed of two stands coiled around each other like the spiral ladder called the double helix
• The sides of ladder consisted of :-sugar molecules-phosphate groups
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DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
• Backbone is made of sugar-phosphate
• Base pairs bind the backbone together
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DNA molecule 1-the gene is the building block of nucleic acid (DNA)2-the gene consists of more smaller blocks called Nucleotideseach nucleotide consists of three components :1- phosphate group2-deoxyribose sugar3-nitrogenous base (4 types)
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•In 1953 Watson and Crick determined the structure of DNA:-•DNA and its BuildingNucleotides: Guanine (G) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T).•Base inside, sugar outside
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:There are four types of nitrogenous base
A ) ) 1-AdenineT))2-ThymineC))3-cytosine
G))4-guanine • Adenine always
pairs with Thymine• Guanine binds with
Cytosine
DNA forms double helix with two complimentary strands holding together by hydrogen bonds
between A-T (2 bonds) and G-C (3 bonds)
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G
G
A
T
T
A
A
C
T
G
C
A
T
C
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• Genetic information is carried in the linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA• Genetic information contains
instructions to synthesize proteins
Function of DNA
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How do you inherit your genes ?1-By MEIOSIS DIVISION reproductive cells produce:o Male gametes(sperms) containing half number of
chromosomes(N)o Female gametes(ova) containing half number of
chromosomes (N)2-After fertilization, a zygote (contain 2N of
chromosomes ) 3-The cell group together forming tissues which
form organs until all the body of the fetus is formed
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• How do the genes perform their function ?
Produce
Responsible of occurrence of forms showing
They control body growth , features , function
Every gene
A specific enzyme
Chemical reaction
A specific protein
A special hereditary
trait
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DNA to ProteinGenome: the complete set of information in an organism’s DNA
Total length of DNA about 2 meters long in a human cell, encoding about 30000 proteins
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• Example : • The inheritance of trait of eyes :If you inherit one gene from one of your parents and
it is responsible for the brown coloured eyes trait (the dominant trait )
• It is working on the formation of an enzyme which is responsible for the occurrence of a chemical reaction producing a protein that makes the trait of the brown eye appears on you
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Mutations• What is meant by mutations ? It is change in the natural of the hereditary
factors that control the traits of a living organism which results in change in the living organism traits
• How does the mutation occur?Changing the chemical composition of one or
more genes leads to changing the hereditary trait resulting from this gene . So a new trait that never appeared in the parents
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What Causes Mutations?
• There are two ways in which DNA can become mutated:– Mutations can be inherited. • Parent to child
– Mutations can be acquired. • Environmental damage• Mistakes when DNA is copied
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Results due mutations :• The appearance of undesirable trait
like :1)Birth deformation in the human and
the animal 2)Sterilization in plant • The appearance of desirable changes
(rare)
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Kinds of mutations 1-the site of occurrence :• Genetic mutations • Chromosomal mutations 2-The inheritance :• Somatic mutations • Gamete mutation 3-The origin :• Spontaneous mutations • Induced mutations
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Genetic mutation
• What is meant by?It is changing the chemical composition of one gene
or more • How the genetic mutation occurs ?The genetic mutation occurs when a change occurs in
the Nitrogenous bases of the gene For example :If (A)base is replaced with (C) base
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Gene Mutations
• Point Mutations – changes in one or a few nucleotides– Substitution
• THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT• THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
– Insertion• THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT• THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
– Deletion• THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT• THE FAT ATE THE RAT
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• Example The grey mice have MELANIN PIGMENT but the white
mice don't have this pigment due to a change in the gene composition responsible for this trait
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The origin of the mutation1-The spontaneous mutation
2-The induced mutation
1-The spontaneous mutationit is a mutation occurs due to the influence from the surrounding environment• It is occurs without the interference of the human
being • Its percentage is very low
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Reasons of its occurrence • Radiation • Chemical substance • High or very low temperatureIts importance It cause NATURAL VARIATION between the genera
and special of the animals and various plants , where the new traits that are produced from the occurrence of mutations are inherited across the successive generations
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The induced mutation• What is meant by ?It is a mutation which is controller by human being to
obtain desirable traits • Its important It is obtain desirable traits in specific living organisms
especially in the plants
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ل�ق! الل�ه� • ذ�ا خ� ه�ل�ق� اذ�ا خ� ون�ي م� ر!
أ� ف�ال�ذ�ين� م�ن د!ون�ه� ب�ل�
الظ�ال�م!ون� ف�ي ب�ين3 ) (11ض�الل3 م�([11]لقمان آية: )
و السالم عليكم ورحمته الله و
بركاته